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101.
This paper presents an innovative approach to curriculum-based timetabling. To capture complex relations of real life curriculum-based timetabling problems, curricula are defined by a rich model that includes optional courses and course groups among which students are expected to take a subset of courses. In addition, courses may contain alternative course sections. A transformation between the proposed curriculum model and student course enrollments is formalized and a local search algorithm generating corresponding enrollments is introduced. While the proposed curriculum model is too complicated for existing curriculum-based solvers, the transformation enables curriculum-based timetabling in any existing enrollment-based course timetabling solver. The approach was implemented in a well established enrollment-based course timetabling system UniTime. The system has been successfully applied in practice at the Faculty of Education at Masaryk University for about 7,500 students and 260 curricula and at the Faculty of Sports Studies at Masaryk University for about 1,400 students and 25 curricula. Experimental results related with these problems are demonstrated for two semesters. 相似文献
102.
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) has been developed as a promising method for the determination of lignans in plant samples. The separation conditions have been optimized with respect to the different parameters including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and acetonitrile concentration, pH of the background electrolyte, separation voltage, and capillary temperature. The background electrolyte consisting of 40 mM SDS and 35% acetonitrile in 10 mM tetraborate buffer (pH 9.3) was found to be the most suitable electrolyte for this analysis. The applied voltage of 28 kV (positive polarity) and the capillary temperature 25 degrees C gave the best separation of lignans. The interday reproducibility of the peak areas and the migration times was below 2.0%. The results of MEKC analyses were compared with those obtained by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The possibilities of using this method for the determination of lignans in drug and in serum samples were also tested. 相似文献
103.
A Banach space X is Grothendieck if the weak and the weak? convergence of sequences in the dual space X? coincide. The space ?∞ is a classical example of a Grothendieck space due to Grothendieck. We introduce a quantitative version of the Grothendieck property, we prove a quantitative version of the above-mentioned Grothendieck?s result and we construct a Grothendieck space which is not quantitatively Grothendieck. We also establish the quantitative Grothendieck property of L∞(μ) for a σ-finite measure μ. 相似文献
104.
Maurizio Grasselli Hana Petzeltová Giulio Schimperna 《Journal of Differential Equations》2007,239(1):38-60
We consider a differential model describing nonisothermal fast phase separation processes taking place in a three-dimensional bounded domain. This model consists of a viscous Cahn-Hilliard equation characterized by the presence of an inertial term χtt, χ being the order parameter, which is linearly coupled with an evolution equation for the (relative) temperature ?. The latter can be of hyperbolic type if the Cattaneo-Maxwell heat conduction law is assumed. The state variables and the chemical potential are subject to the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. We first provide conditions which ensure the well-posedness of the initial and boundary value problem. Then, we prove that the corresponding dynamical system is dissipative and possesses a global attractor. Moreover, assuming that the nonlinear potential is real analytic, we establish that each trajectory converges to a single steady state by using a suitable version of the ?ojasiewicz-Simon inequality. We also obtain an estimate of the decay rate to equilibrium. 相似文献
105.
106.
Hana Dejmkova Matteo Scampicchio Jiri Zima Jiri Barek Saverio Mannino 《Electroanalysis》2009,21(9):1014-1018
A robust electrochemical method to measure the total phenol content in food samples is presented. Under optimal condition, BDD electrode showed excellent performance to detect the oxidation of several phenols and does not present the drawback due to electrode fouling. The analytical method used to perform such measurement has been optimized and successfully applied in different food samples. The results obtained were compared with the standard Folin–Ciocalteau method. 相似文献
107.
Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 9-substituted or protected 2,6-dichloropurines with 1 equiv of methylmagnesium chloride gave regioselectively 2-chloro-6-methylpurines in good yields. The same reactions with 3 equiv of methylmagnesium chloride or Pd-catalyzed reactions with trimethylaluminum afforded 2,6-dimethylpurines. The 2-chloro-6-methylpurines underwent another coupling with phenylboronic acid to give 6-methyl-2-phenylpurines. All reactions were perfomed for Bn- and THP-protected purine bases as well as for acyl-protected ribosides and 2-deoxyribosides. After deprotection, free purine bases and nucleosides were obtained. 相似文献
108.
Lee SH Yoshida K Matsushita H Clapham B Koch G Zimmermann J Janda KD 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2004,69(25):8829-8835
Primary ureas have been used as substrates in rhodium-catalyzed N-H insertion reactions with an array of diazocarbonyls. The insertion reaction is efficient and gives excellent selectivity and yields. The products from the insertion reaction with diazoketones cyclize readily in the presence of acid to yield the corresponding imidazolones that can be further derivatized by N-alkylation with alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides. Alternatively, the imidazolones were treated with phosphorus oxybromide to form the corresponding 2-bromoimidazoles that were further functionalized using a Suzuki coupling reaction. 相似文献
109.
Syntheses of Aminolumazines 6-aminolumazien 2 (1-(6-amino-2,4,7-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydropteridin-8-yl)-1-deoxy-D -ribitol), a degradation product of russupteridine-yellow I ( 1 ) has been prepared from l-deoxy-l-(2,4,7-trioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydeopteridin-8-yl)-D -ribitol ( 5 ) via the azo compound 6 and its reduction with Sn/HCOOH. Condensation of 5-amono-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil ( 8 ) with parabanic acid ( 9 ) has led to ta synthesis of russupteridine-yellow IV ( 4 ); l-deoxy-l-(2,6,8-trioxo-2,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-lH-imidazolo[4,5-g]pteridin-4-yl-D -ribitol), albeit in low yield. 相似文献
110.
Henderson MJ Perriman AW Robson-Marsden H White JW 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2005,109(44):20878-20886
The structure of the interface generated by a spread layer of beta-casein on an aqueous colloidal poly(silicic) acid subphase is described. The results are compared with data for the protein alone spread at the air/water interface and the silicate solution. Films develop at the air-solution interface and a strong pH dependence of the interaction causing this is demonstrated. Reflectometry with X-rays and neutrons was used to probe the interaction as a function of subphase pH and film compression. Film thickness, tau/A, scattering length density, rho/A(-2), water volume fraction, phi(w), and surface coverage, Gamma/mg m(-2), were used to quantify the interfacial structure. Where possible, the X-ray and neutron data sets were co-refined enabling phi(w) to be evaluated without assumption regarding the protein density. At pH 5-7, strong protein-silicate interaction occurred, the interface comprising three regions: a discrete protein upper layer on top of a 15 +/- 2 A layer of silicated material followed by a diffuse layer that extended into the subphase. 相似文献