Analytical solution and meaning of feasible regions in two-component three-way arrays

Although many efforts have been directed to the development of approximation methods for determining the extent of feasible regions in two- and three-way data sets; analytical determination (i.e. using only finite-step direct calculation(s) instead of the less exact numerical ones) of feasible regions in three-way arrays has remained unexplored. In this contribution, an analytical solution of trilinear decomposition is introduced which can be considered as a new direct method for the resolution of three-way two-component systems. The proposed analytical calculation method is applied to the full rank three-way data array and arrays with rank overlap (a type of rank deficiency) loadings in a mode. Close inspections of the analytically calculated feasible regions of rank deficient cases help us to make clearer the information gathered from multi-way problems frequently emerged in physics, chemistry, biology, agricultural, environmental and clinical sciences, etc. These examinations can also help to answer, e.g., the following practical question: “Is two-component three-way data with proportional loading in a mode actually a three-way data array?” By the aid of the additional information resulted from the investigated feasible regions of two-component three-way data arrays with proportional profile in a mode, reasons for the inadequacy of the seemingly trilinear data treatment methods published in the literature (e.g., U-PLS/RBL-LD that was used for extraction of quantitative and qualitative information reported by Olivieri et al. (Anal. Chem. 82 (2010) 4510–4519)) could be completely understood.     

Application of CdSe–PVK Nanocomposite as a Hole Transport Layer for OLEDs

An organic light‐emitting diode was fabricated using cadmium selenide (CdSe)/poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) nanocomposite as the hole transport layer (HTL). The CdSe nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean crystallite size of 6.2 nm were prepared by high‐energy ball milling. Based on the current–voltage curves, the threshold voltage (V _th) of the composite diode was found to be ~1.3 ± 0.1 V lower than that of the diode without CdSe, with a significant increase in the current density for the composite diode. Moreover, the electroluminescence (EL) properties (luminous flux, emittance, and intensity) of the diode were found to be enhanced by ~16% with respect to those of the diode without CdSe. The decrease of the threshold voltage and the increase of the current density and the EL were due to the CdSe NPs that operate as hole trap centers in the HTL.     

An efficient,one-pot,three-component procedure for the synthesis of chiral spirooxindolopyrrolizidines via catalytic highly enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

The catalytic, highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective synthesis of a small library of chiral spirooxindolopyrrolizidines via a three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides, derived from isatin, with electron-deficient dipolarophiles, 3-(2-alkenoyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones, is described. A chiral copper(II) complex of cyclohexane-1,2-bis(arylmethyleneamine) catalyzed this process at room temperature. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of the assignment of the absolute configuration of the cycloadducts.     

An Overview of the Genetics of Plant Response to Salt Stress: Present Status and the Way Forward

Salinity is one of the major threats faced by the modern agriculture today. It causes multidimensional effects on plants. These effects depend upon the plant growth stage, intensity, and duration of the stress. All these lead to stunted growth and reduced yield, ultimately inducing economic loss to the farming community in particular and to the country in general. The soil conditions of agricultural land are deteriorating at an alarming rate. Plants assess the stress conditions, transmit the specific stress signals, and then initiate the response against that stress. A more complete understanding of plant response mechanisms and their practical incorporation in crop improvement is an essential step towards achieving the goal of sustainable agricultural development. Literature survey shows that investigations of plant stresses response mechanism are the focus area of research for plant scientists. Although these efforts lead to reveal different plant response mechanisms against salt stress, yet many questions still need to be answered to get a clear picture of plant strategy to cope with salt stress. Moreover, these studies have indicated the presence of a complicated network of different integrated pathways. In order to work in a progressive way, a review of current knowledge is critical. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of our understanding of plant response to salt stress and to indicate some important yet unexplored dynamics to improve our knowledge that could ultimately lead towards crop improvement.     

The role of pyruvic acid as starting material in some organic reactions in the presence of SBA-Pr-SO<Subscript>3</Subscript>H nanocatalyst

Pyruvic acid contains three different reactive positions: –COOH, ketone carbonyl and methyl groups. Correspondingly, pyruvic acid was applied as starting material in the modified Niementowski reaction and Aldol condensation using SBA-Pr-SO₃H as an efficient nanocatalyst. Aldol condensation of pyruvic acid and oxindole provided a new oxindol-based carboxylic acid which was subsequently used in the Ugi four-component reaction. Moreover, through the modified Niementowski reaction of pyruvic acid, new derivatives of quiazoline were produced in the presence of SBA-Pr-SO₃H. The obtained products are important due to their potentially biological active skeletons.     

Biosynthesis,characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Rheum turkestanicum shoots extract

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized through a facile and “green” method, which uses the aqueous shoots extract of Rheum turkestanicum at...