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51.
Mohammad Ali Ansari Saeid Alikhani Ezeddin Mohajerani Reza Massudi 《Optics Communications》2012,285(5):851-855
In this study, the diffusion of photons in turbid media, like biological tissue has been studied. Due to scattering and absorption of photons in such media, the study of photon propagation in biological tissue is complicated. The several numerical methods have been presented to simulate the behavior of diffused photons. Recently, Boundary Integral Method (BIM) has been offered to simulate photon migration inside biological tissues. This method has advantage, e.g. lower computational time in compared with other numerical methods. In this study, the accuracy and precision of BIM compares with another numerical method like Monte Carlo technique and finite difference method, and also the calculated results obtained by BIM and Monte Carlo method evaluate with measured results. Furthermore, the effects of scattering and absorption coefficient of tissue on the measured signal are studied. 相似文献
52.
The propagation of nonlinear waves in dusty plasmas with variable dust charge and two temperature ions is analyzed. By using
the reductive perturbation theory, the Kadomtsev-Petviashivili (KP) equation is derived. A Sagdeev potential has been investigated.
This potential is used to study the stability conditions for existence of solitonic solutions. Also, it is shown that a rarefactive
soliton can exist in most of the cases. The energy of the soliton has been calculated and by using the standard normal-mode
analysis a linear dispersion relation has been obtained. The effects of variable dust charge on the amplitude, width and energy
of soliton and its effects on the angular frequency of linear wave are also discussed. 相似文献
53.
The superprism effects of higher bands, i.e., for normal frequencies of higher than one, in two-dimensional (2D) polymer photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated. It is shown that in a polymer PC of triangular symmetry with filling factor of about 31%, the gradual transition of the hexagonal into triangular equi-frequency dispersion contours leads to a strong superprism in the 6th band at a normal frequency of 1.2. This dispersion is more prominent than those observed in the lower bands in 2D PCs. Also, this requires a lattice constant longer than the concerned wavelength. Furthermore, in a 2D polymer PC with a filling factor of about 83% a strong discontinuous superprism effect occurs at normal frequencies higher than one, which is due to an abrupt transition between two modes with the refraction angles of opposite signs. The effect can be exploited for switching applications as demonstrated in the paper. 相似文献
54.
Reza Sepahvand Mohsen Adeli Bandar Astinchap Roya Kabiri 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2008,10(8):1309-1318
Metal-carbon nanotube-graft-polymer (MCNT-g-P) nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized successfully. In this work, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were
opened using HNO3/H2SO4 mixture and filled by metal nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles through wet chemistry method. Then MWCNT containing
metal nanoparticles were used as macroinitiator for ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and MCNT-g-P nanocomposites were obtained. Length of grafted polymer arms onto the MWCNT was controlled using MWCNT/ε-caprolactone ratio.
Structure and properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by TEM, DSC, TGA, and spectroscopy methods. 相似文献
55.
Reza Moazzemi Abdollah Mohammadi Siamak S. Gousheh 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2008,56(4):585-590
We discuss the effects of non-trivial boundary conditions or backgrounds, including non-perturbative ones, on the renormalization
program for systems in two dimensions. We present an alternative renormalization procedure in which these non-perturbative
conditions can be taken into account in a self-contained and, we believe, self-consistent manner. These conditions have profound
effects on the properties of the system, in particular all of its n-point functions. To be concrete, we investigate these effects in the λ
φ
4 model in two dimensions and show that the mass counterterms turn out to be proportional to the Green’s functions which have
a non-trivial position dependence in these cases. We then compute the difference between the mass counterterms in the presence
and absence of these conditions. We find that in the case of non-trivial boundary conditions this difference is minimum between
the boundaries and infinite on them. The minimum approaches zero when the boundaries go to infinity. In the case of non-trivial
backgrounds, we consider the kink background and show that the difference is again small and localized around the kink. 相似文献
56.
The combination of ultrasound and photochemistry has been used for the oxidation of unsymmetrical 1,4-dihydropyridines to the pyridine derivatives. An ultrasonic probe of 24 kHz frequency and a Hg-lamp of 100 W have been used for this study. The effect of parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, the presence of oxygen and argon atmospheres and also the separate usage of one of these irradiation sources have been studied. Whereas sonication of these compounds alone did not result in the oxidation of them, the use of ultrasound increases the rate of photo-oxidation. The presence of oxygen decreases or increases the rate of reaction, depending on the type of excited state of 1,4-dihydropyridines involved in the reaction. 相似文献
57.
Dimethyl sulfoxide/deep eutectic solvents mixtures as media in the reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene with piperidine: A solvent effect study 下载免费PDF全文
Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene with piperidine was kinetically investigated in ethylene glycol‐choline chloride and glycerol‐choline chloride as 2 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide, in whole mole fractions, at room temperature. The investigation of the reaction in different concentrations of the piperidine shows that the reaction follows the base‐catalyzed mechanism. The measured rate coefficients of the reaction demonstrated a sharp decreasing in all mixtures with the increasing mole fraction of DESs. Linear free energy relationship investigations confirm that hydrogen bond donor ability in addition to polarity‐polarizability of the media has a major effect on the reaction rate. The decrease in the rate coefficient is attributed to not only hydrogen‐bonding donor interactions of the media with piperidine as both reactant and catalyst but also the preferential solvation of reactants by DES compared with the intermediate of the reaction. 相似文献
58.
In the Randall-Sundrum braneworld scenario via the Goldberger-Wise mechanism, the effective mass of 4D radion, where the bulk scalar field is coupled to 5D gravity, has been investigated in two different case of the self-coupling constants, infinite and finite cases. It is shown that in the finite case, the modulus parameter should be greater than the finite coupling constants. 相似文献
59.
Hamid Reza Farmani Mohammad Hossein Mosslemin Bahareh Sadeghi 《Molecular diversity》2018,22(3):743-749
Rapid, efficient, simple and green procedure for the synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides via the multicomponent reaction of aryl aldehydes, acetophenones and thiosemicarbazide in water in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide under microwave irradiation is reported. 相似文献
60.
Majid Abdellahi Aliakbar Najfinezhad Saeed Saber-Samanadari Amirsalar Khandan Hamid Ghayour 《Chinese Journal of Physics (Taipei)》2018,56(1):331-339
In the present study, hard ferromagnetic (M-type strontium hexaferrite) SrFe12O19 was co-doped by Zn and Zr for magnetic hyperthermia applications. As a result of the high concentration of single domain SrFe12O19 nanoparticles (suspended in the ferrofluid), they found a large hydrodynamic diameter, which caused a long-time Brownian relaxation under the AC magnetic field. On the other hand, increasing the Zn-Zr content (low concentration of SrFe12O19) led to a drop in anisotropy, which coincided with a short-time N´eel relaxation. All of the substituted samples with a multi-disperse state in ferrofluid exhibited an almost equal amount of the N´eel and Brownian effects. Consequently, the magnetic saturation (Ms) was considered as the dominant factor in the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the substituted samples. Transformation to the mono-disperse state was followed by the decrease of the Brownian relaxation time and hence the increase of the SAR. The interesting point in mono-disperse state was the heat generation of pure SrFe12O19 under the AC magnetic field as a result of the decrement of the Brownian relaxation time. 相似文献