This paper investigates whether inflation-targeting programs have altered the pattern of inflation and its variability for five developed countries and four emerging economies implementing inflation-targeting programs. A GARCH specification is used to model inflation variability, which accounts for public perception of the future levels of inflation variability—conditional variance. We could not find lower conditional inflation expectations except for Australia, Chile and Sweden under various specifications. Moreover, the conditional variance decreases only for Chile and the UK. Therefore, the empirical support for the lower inflation and its variability for the inflation targeting regimes is limited. 相似文献
High-resolution X-ray measurements near a nuclear resonance reveal the complete vibrational spectrum of the probe nucleus. Because of this, nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a uniquely quantitative probe of the vibrational dynamics of reactive iron sites in proteins and other complex molecules. Our measurements of vibrational fundamentals have revealed both frequencies and amplitudes of 57Fe vibrations in proteins and model compounds. Information on the direction of Fe motion has also been obtained from measurements on oriented single crystals, and provides an essential test of normal mode predictions. Here, we report the observation of weaker two-quantum vibrational excitations (overtones and combinations) for compounds that mimic the active site of heme proteins. The predicted intensities depend strongly on the direction of Fe motion. We compare the observed features with predictions based on the observed fundamentals, using information on the direction of Fe motion obtained either from DFT predictions or from single crystal measurements. Two-quantum excitations may become a useful tool to identify the directions of the Fe oscillations when single crystals are not available. 相似文献
In this study, three Schiff base ligands and their complexes were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and magnetic susceptibility apparatuses. Silica gel was respectively modified with Schiff base derivatives, (E)-2-[(2-chloroethylimino)methyl]phenol, (E)-4-[(2-chloroethylimino)methyl]phenol and N,N′-[1,4-phenilendi(E)methylidene]bis(2-chloroethanamine), after silanization of silica gel by (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTS) by using a suitable method. Characterization of the surface modification was also performed with IR, TGA and elemental analysis. The immobilized surfaces were used for Co(II) and Ni(II) sorption from aqueous solutions and values of sorption were detected by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). 相似文献
3,6-diaryl-2,5-dihydro-1,4-diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPPD) derivatives are used commercially as red pigments,
because of their color strength, brightness, and very low solubility in most common solvents. These products, although highly
colored, appear to be of limited value as dyes, since they show a tendency to form an aggregate when incorporated into a solvent.
Monoalkyl and dialkyl derivatives of DPPD were synthesized and then characterized with IR, 1HNMR, UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy. Molar absorption coefficient, singlet energy level and Stokes’ shift values
of DPPD derivatives were declared. Monoalkyl and dialkyl derivatives of DPPD’s solubilities were measured from saturated solutions
of dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (ACN) and toluene and they are compared
with each other. 相似文献
Development of various electronic devices demands to create effective cooling complexes. The present paper deals with computational analysis of mixed convection cooling of heat-conducting and heat-generating element located inside an alumina–water nanofluid enclosure with upper moving wall. Usage of upper moving wall, nanofluid and cooling vertical walls allows to create the effective cooling process. Analysis has been performed numerically using the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations. The effects of nanoparticles concentration, heat source location and upper wall velocity on flow structures, heat exchange and entropy generation have been investigated. It has been ascertained that effective cooling of the heated element occurs for high Reynolds number and central position of the heat-generating element.
This paper presents a general approach for developing an automated, fast and flexible procedure to determine the reaction parameters for a simplified chemical-diffusive model to simulate flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in a stoichiometric methane–air mixture. The procedure uses a combination of a genetic algorithm and Nelder-Mead optimisation scheme to find the optimal reaction parameters for a reaction rate based on an Arrhenius form for conversion of reactants to products. The model finds six optimal reaction parameters that reproduce six flame and detonation properties. Results show that the reaction parameters closely reproduce their intended flame and detonation properties. The laminar flame profile computed using the reaction parameters in a 1D Navier-Stokes code matches the profile obtained when using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism. The optimal reaction parameters are then used in a 2D simulation of flame acceleration and DDT in an obstacle-laden channel containing stoichiometric methane–air, and the results show that the computation closely follows the transition-to-detonation observed in experiments. This automated procedure for finding parameters for a proposed reaction model makes it possible to simulate the behaviour of flames and detonations in large, complex scenarios, which would otherwise be an incalculable problem. 相似文献
An investigation was carried out on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of plumbo-jarosite. The kinetic models of dissociation
of the compounds in the ore were identified. The results of the kinetic studies and the mechanism of the process are discussed.
The thermal decomposition of plumbo-jarosite occurs in three stages: the first up to 763, the second up to 1023 and the third
up to 1223 K, the corresponding activation energy values being 62.2, 60.3 and 98.0 kJ mol–1 , respectively.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献