Entangled States Based on Two Coherent States 3π/2 out of Phase

Entangled states based on two coherent states 3π/2 out of phase with each other, i.e. ｜α〉 and e^iФ｜-iα〉, as well as on a special state with a relative phase Ф = ｜α｜^2, are constructed. By analysing the amount of entanglement it is evident that entangled states based on this special state can be used as an excellent resource for quantum teleportation. It is also revealed that these entangled states possess some nonclassical features.     

Spectroscopy of the regenerative soot

The mechanisms and processes of the formation of the regenerative soot in a graphite hollow cathode discharge that produces and emits carbon clusters are presented. Mass spectrometry with a specially designed E×B velocity filter analyzes the entire range of the charged clusters from C ₁ to ∼C ₄₃₀₀. The state of the carbon vapour within the source is evaluated by using the characteristic line emissions from the carbonaceous discharge whose formative mechanisms depend upon the kinetic and potential sputtering of the sooted cathode. The carbonaceous discharge generates atomic and ionic C and its clusters C _m (m≥ 2), noble gas metastable atoms and ions, energetic electrons and photons in the cavity of the graphite hollow cathode. The parameters of soot formation and its recycling depend critically on the discharge parameters, the geometry of the hollow cathode and 3D profile of the cusp magnetic field contours. Received 2nd July 2001 and Received in final form 10 September 2001     

铜纳米阵列高效电解水产氧催化剂的制备

本文报道了一种利用简单的两步牺牲模板法,在泡沫铜基底表面完成了三维氧化铜纳米晶阵列的生长. 氧化铜纳米晶阵列具有良好的导电性,稳定性,在碱性溶液中有着优秀的电解水产氧催化性能. 氧化铜纳米晶阵列催化水的电化学氧化只需400 mV的过电势即可达到100 mA/cm²的电流密度,与其它铜基电解水产氧催化剂以及贵金属IrO₂相比都有着明显的优势. 氧化铜纳米晶阵列在270 mA/cm²左右的工作电流下连续工作10 h依然可以保持良好的稳定性,是相同的工作电压下IrO₂工作电流的10倍(约25 mA/cm²).     

Spectral and Mechanistic Investigation of Oxidation of Rizatriptan by Silver Third Periodate Complex in Aqueous Alkaline Medium

The oxidation of Rizatriptan by diperiodatoargentate(III) has been studied by spectrophotometry at neutral pH. The kinetics of the reaction of Rizatriptan has been shown to principle of non-complementary oxidation steps. The initial step involves the deprotonated of the diperiodatoargentate(III) with the alkali; this rearranges during the displacement of a ligand to give free periodate and takes up another ligand monoperiodateargentate(III), combines with a substrate to endow with an intermediate complex which decomposes within a slow step to provide the final product in the following step with a first-order rate constant. The main product was identified by spot test, Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry spectrum. A conceivable mechanism including pre equilibrium of adducts development between the complex and reductant was planned from the kinetics study. The rate conditions got from system can clarify all exploratory phenomena, and the activation parameters alongside rate constants of the rate determining step were ascertained.     

Numerical simulation of unsteady 3D magneto-Sisko fluid flow with nonlinear thermal radiation and homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reactions

In this paper, we study the qualitative behaviour of satellite systems using bifurcation diagrams, Poincaré section, Lyapunov exponents, dissipation, equilibrium points, Kaplan–Yorke dimension etc. Bifurcation diagrams with respect to the known parameters of satellite systems are analysed. Poincaré sections with different sowing axes of the satellite are drawn. Eigenvalues of Jacobian matrices for the satellite system at different equilibrium points are calculated to justify the unstable regions. Lyapunov exponents are estimated. From these studies, chaos in satellite system has been established. Solution of equations of motion of the satellite system are drawn in the form of three-dimensional, two-dimensional and time series phase portraits. Phase portraits and time series display the chaotic nature of the considered system.     

Impact of autocatalysis chemical reaction on nonlinear radiative heat transfer of unsteady three-dimensional Eyring–Powell magneto-nanofluid flow

The structure of the chaotic attractor of a system is mainly determined by the nonlinear functions in system equations. By using a new saw-tooth wave function and a new stair function, a novel complex grid multiwing chaotic system which belongs to non-Shil’nikov chaotic system with non-hyperbolic equilibrium points is proposed in this paper. It is particularly interesting that the complex grid multiwing attractors are generated by increasing the number of non-hyperbolic equilibrium points, which are different from the traditional methods of realising multiwing attractors by adding the index-2 saddle-focus equilibrium points in double-wing chaotic systems. The basic dynamical properties of the new system, such as dissipativity, phase portraits, the stability of the equilibria, the time-domain waveform, power spectrum, bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponents, and so on, are investigated by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Furthermore, the corresponding electronic circuit is designed and simulated on the Multisim platform. The Multisim simulation results and the hardware experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations of the same system on Matlab platform, which verify the feasibility of this new grid multiwing chaotic system.     

Thermal radiation effects on Williamson fluid flow due to an expanding/contracting cylinder with nanomaterials: Dual solutions

The phenomena of heat and mass transfer during the flow of non-Newtonian transfer are amongst the core subjects in mechanical sciences. Recently, the nanomaterials are among the eminent tools for improving the low thermal conductivity of working fluids. Therefore, in view of the existing contributions, this article presents a two-dimensional numerical simulation for the transient flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid generated by an expanding/contracting circular cylinder. This critical review further explores the impacts of variable magnetic field, thermal radiation, velocity slip and convective boundary conditions. The basic governing equations for Williamson fluid flow are formulated with the assistance of boundary layer approximations. The non-dimensional form of partially coupled ordinary differential equations has been tackled numerically by utilizing versatile Runge–Kutta integration scheme. The momentum, thermal and concentration characteristics are investigated with respect to several critical parameters, like, Weissenberg number, unsteadiness parameter, viscosity ratio parameter, slip parameter, suction parameter, magnetic parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter, Prandtl number, Lewis number and Biot number. The outcomes of the systematic reviews of these parameters and forest plots are illustrated. The study reveals that multiple solutions for the considered problem occurs for diverse values of involved physical parameters. The computed results indicate that the friction and heat transfer coefficients are significantly raised by the magnetic parameter for upper branch solutions.     

Thermal annealing effect of on optical constants of vacuum evaporated Se75S25−xCdx chalcogenide thin films

Chalcogenide glasses are interesting materials due to their infrared transmitting properties and photo induced effects exhibited by them. Thin films with thickness of 3000 Å of the glasses Se₇₅S_25−xCd_x with x=6, 8 and 10 at% prepared by melt quench technique were evaporated by thermal evaporation onto glass substrates under a vacuum of 10⁻⁶ Torr. The optical constants (absorption coefficient, refractive index and extinction coefficient) of as-prepared and annealed films have been studied as a function of photon energy in the wave length region 400-1000 nm. Analysis of the optical absorption data shows that the rule of non-direct transitions predominates. It has been found that the absorption coefficient and optical band gap increase with increasing annealing temperatures. The refractive index (n) and the extinction coefficient (k) were observed to decrease with increasing annealing temperature.     

Characteristics of electron beam evaporated nanocrystalline SnO2 thin films annealed in air

Tin oxide (SnO₂) thin films (about 200 nm thick) have been deposited by electron beam evaporation followed by annealing in air at 350-550 °C for two hours. Optical, electrical and structural properties were studied as a function of annealing temperature. The as-deposited film is amorphous, while all other annealed films are crystalline (having tetragonal structure). XRD suggest that the films are composed of nanoparticles of 5-10 nm. Raman analysis and optical measurements suggest quantum confinement effects that are enhanced with annealing temperature. For instance, Raman peaks of the as-deposited films are blue-shifted as compared to those for bulk SnO₂. Blue shift becomes more pronounced with annealing temperature. Optical band gap energy of amorphous SnO₂ film is 3.61 eV, which increases to about 4.22 eV after crystallization. Two orders of magnitude decrease in resistivity is observed after annealing at 350-400 °C due to structural ordering and crystallization. The resistivity, however, increases slightly with annealing temperature above 400 °C, possibly due to improvement in stoichiometry and associated decrease in charge carrier density.