厚度模压电超声换能器无源声学材料研究进展*

厚度模压电超声换能器作为超声波发射、接收以及电信号间转换的载体,是超声成像与检测系统的核心器件,一般由压电层、匹配层和背衬层3部分组成。超声换能器的性能一定程度上决定着整体超声设备的性能,影响了其在工业、医学、军事等领域的应用。该换能器的关键性能指标(带宽、灵敏度)除了受到压电层的影响,还与匹配层、背衬层等无源声学材料的设计密切相关。该文综述了近年来厚度模压电超声换能器无源声学材料(匹配层、背衬层和声透镜)的研究进展,提出了当前该类材料面临的难题和解决途径,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

In situ investigation of synchrotron radiation damage effect of ancient paintings by time-resolved ED-XAS and IR combined techniques

Advanced synchrotron radiation light is a powerful tool for archaeometry research. However, its applications to precious cultural relics, especially for color painting, have been hindered to some degree due to potential X-ray radiation damage. Compared to inorganic mineral pigments, organic binders in the painting are easier to be damaged by synchrotron radiation X-ray beam. The radiation damage effect of two typical painting samples, pure rabbit skin glue and the mixed sample of rabbit skin glue and zinc white, has been investigated by in situ time-resolved ED-XAS and IR combined techniques. The results show that the radiation damage effect of pure rabbit skin glue is more serious at low X-ray energy (7775 eV). The radiation damage effect of the mixed sample increases significantly due to more X-ray absorption by inorganic pigments. Furthermore, the radiation damage is more serious at the energy near Zn K-edge and is somewhat slight at higher energy (13,054 eV). These damages are more obvious from the point of view of protein secondary structures. The irradiation damage effects increase more rapidly at the beginning and are not linear with the irradiating time. The results indicate that synchrotron radiation damage can be reduced effectively by using X-ray energy far away from the X-ray absorption edge of the major element in the pigments during XRF, XRD and CT experiments, or by using time-resolved techniques such as QXAFS and ED-XAS during XAFS experiments.     

Yttrium aluminate crystals for slabs

The methods of growing YAG:Nd crystals with a flat interface and YAP:Nd crystals with a sharp conical interface are described. The form of the interface was controlled by the He and H₂O content in the reducing atmosphere composed mainly of Ar and H₂ as well as by axial temperature gradient above the melt level. The crystals of 120–180 mm in length were machined to the high-quality slabs.     

高维广义蔡氏电路中的快慢动力学行为及其分岔分析

讨论了四阶广义蔡氏电路在两时间尺度下的动力学行为. 由数值模拟得到了系统在不同参数条件下的周期簇发解和混沌吸引子. 通过引入快慢分析法,从分岔的角度,以周期解为例, 对系统动力学行为产生的机理及其演化规律进行了理论分析和解释, 其结论与数值计算的结果基本符合.     

基于水平集方法二维模型的软性磨粒两相流流场特性分析方法

两相流场特性分析是软性磨粒流精密加工方法的技术关键. 针对此问题, 利用水平集方法(LSM)结构拓扑变换原理, 建立了描述磨粒流在另一流体中运动变化的二维模型. 该模型中, 用LSM捕捉两相流之间的界面, 从而对两相流的运动情况和相关参数进行模拟仿真, 深入讨论了磨粒流加工机理. 研究表明: 以LSM原理建立的二维模型, 成功地仿真模拟了两相流相变过程; 利用k-ε湍流模型与Preston方程相结合的数值分析方法, 对流道内各区域的速度等流场特性进行讨论, 为软性磨粒流加工提供了前期基础性研究. 关键词： 水平集方法 结构化表面 软性磨粒流 k-ε湍流模型')" href="#">k-ε湍流模型     

基于低温超导量子干涉器件的脑 听觉激励磁场探测

本文利用磁屏蔽室和二阶轴向梯度计抑制环境磁场噪声, 建立了单通道脑磁探测系统, 并对不用声音频率下脑听觉激励磁场N100m响应进行了初步探测.结果显示, 1000 Hz音频和100 ms持续声音激励下, N100m峰值的典型强度约为0.4 pT.在低的声音频率激励下, N100m峰出现延时, 100 Hz 和1000 Hz之间的延时差别达到25 ms.相比于1 kHz特定频率的声音激励, 1—4 kHz 随机变频下的N100m峰幅度增强, 出现了数毫秒的延时.本研究为下一步利用软件梯度计进行多通道脑磁系统和听觉机理研究奠定了一定的基础.     

电沉积－退火工艺制备铜铟硒太阳能电池薄膜及表征

利用电沉积硒气氛下后续退火的工艺制备出了高结晶质量的铜铟硒薄膜．通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见-近红外光谱和阻抗谱技术对退火后的铜铟硒薄膜进行表征,结果表明530 oC硒化退火后的铜铟硒薄膜具有四方的黄铜矿晶体结构,晶粒尺寸达到微米量级,光学带隙为0.98 eV,经过KCN溶液去除表面高导电性的铜硒化合物后铜铟硒薄膜的载流子浓度在10¹⁶ cm^-3量级．利用硒化退火的铜铟硒薄膜作为光吸收层制备了结构为AZO/i-ZnO/CdS/CIS/Mo/glass的太阳能电池,在AM1.5光照条件下对其电流-电压特性测试后发现面积为0.2 cm²的电池可以达到0.96％的能量转换效率,并对限制电池效率的原因做出了初步的分析和讨论.     

Nanosecond dynamics of ferroelectric/dielectric superlattices

The nanosecond response of a PbTiO(3)/SrTiO(3) ferroelectric/dielectric superlattice to applied electric fields is closely linked to the dynamics of striped domains of the remnant polarization. The intensity of domain satellite reflections observed with time-resolved x-ray microdiffraction decays in 5-100 ns depending on the magnitude of the electric field. The piezoelectric response of the superlattice within stripe domains is strongly suppressed due to electromechanical clamping between adjacent regions of opposite polarization. Regions of the superlattice that have been switched into a uniform polarization state by the applied electric field, however, exhibit piezoelectricity during the course of the switching process. We propose a switching model different from previous models of the switching of superlattices, based instead on a spatially heterogeneous transformation between striped and uniform polarization states.     

Structures, phase transition, elastic properties of SnO2 from first-principles analysis

We investigate the structural, phase transition and elastic properties of SnO₂ in the rutile-type, pyrite-type, ZrO₂-type and cotunnite-type phases by the plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method. The lattice constants, bulk modulus and its pressure derivative are well consistent with the available experimental and other theoretical data. Also, we find that the rutile→pyrite, pyrite→ZrO₂ and ZrO₂→cotunnite phase transition occur at 12.9, 59.1 and 111.1 GPa, which are in better agreement with the experimental results than those of Gracia et al. (2007). Moreover, we obtain the pressure dependences of elastic constants for the four structures.     

计算机控制光学表面成形中大规模驻留时间求解

采用基于稀疏矩阵的大规模非负最小二乘法,对大口径、微浮雕结构光学元件加工中的驻留时间进行了分析与求解,并对该算法开展了正则化研究。仿真结果表明:与传统非负最小二乘法相比,基于稀疏矩阵的大规模非负最小二乘法精度高、效率快。采用该算法仿真加工平均振幅为1.177 6倍波长的大口径、微浮雕结构光学元件,误差面形均方根收敛至0.067倍波长。