调制激光场中Rydberg原子的电磁感应透明

本文主要研究了调制探测激光场中铯Rydberg 原子阶梯型三能级系统的电磁感应透明(EIT) 效应. 铯原子基态6S_1/2, 第一激发态6P_3/2 和Rydberg 态形成阶梯型三能级系统, 探测光作用于6S_1/2 (F = 4)→6P_3/2(F' = 5) 的跃迁, 耦合光在Rydberg 跃迁线6P_3/2→49S_1/2 附近扫描, 形成Rydberg 原子EIT. 当对探测光频率施加一个几kHz 的调制时, 调制解调后的EIT 信号分裂为两个峰, 双峰间距与调制频率无关,而与调制幅度导致的失谐量大小(频率调制幅度) 成正比, 双峰间隔的一半等于探测光频率调制幅度的λ_p/λ_c = 1.67 倍. 实验结果与理论计算相一致. 本文的研究结果可应用于激光线型和频率抖动的实时监测.     

Increased rigidly triaxial deformations in neutron-rich Mo,Ru isotopes

Pairing-deformation-frequency self-consistent crankingWoods-Saxon model is employed to investigate the triaxiality in the ground states of the neutron-rich even-even Mo, Ru isotopes. Deformation evolutions and transition probabilities have been studied, giving the triaxial shapes in their ground states. The kinematic moments of inertia have been calculated to illustrate the gradually rigid deformation. To understand the origin of the asymmetry shape in this region, we analyze the evolution of single-particle orbits with changing γ deformation. The present calculations reveal the importance of the triaxial deformation in describing not only static property, but also rotational behaviors in this mass region, providing significant probes into the shell structure around.     

Real time microscopy, kinetics, and mechanism of giant fullerene evaporation

We report in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observing the shrinkage of single-layer giant fullerenes (GF). At temperatures approximately 2000 degrees C, the GF volume reduces by greater than one 100-fold while the fullerene shell remains intact, evolving from a slightly polygonized to a nearly spherical shape with a smaller diameter. The number of carbon atoms in the GF decreases linearly with time until the small subbuckyball cage opens and rapidly disappears. Theoretical modeling indicates that carbon atoms are removed predominantly from the weakest binding energy sites, i.e., the pentagons, leading to the constant evaporation rate. The fullerene cage integrity is attributed to the collective behavior of interacting defects. These results constitute the first experimental evidence for the "shrink-wrapping" and "hot-giant" fullerene formation mechanisms.     

锆氢催化的酰胺硼氢化合成胺类化合物研究:机理、使用范围和应用

发展温和条件下胺类化合物的高效合成方法是催化与合成领域长期研究的课题.其中,酰胺还原因其原料来源广、易于合成而广受关注.酰胺还原到胺需要选择性断裂C=O键,因此该反应具有很大的挑战性.传统酰胺还原方法需要使用当量的强还原试剂,如四氢铝锂、硼氢化钠等,且官能团兼容性较差.使用氢气还原原子经济性最高,也最有吸引力;然而,目前已报道的体系大都在高温(>120℃)或高压(>40 bar H2)的条件下进行.虽然催化硼氢化可以在温和的条件下将羰基化合物还原,但由于酰胺化合物惰性比较高,其选择性的催化硼氢化研究则相对较少,而且在温和条件下对三级、二级、一级酰胺都适用的例子依然非常有限.本文采用前过渡金属锆氢催化剂实现了室温条件下酰胺选择性硼氢化制备胺类化合物,并进行了详细的机理研究.原位红外监测到反应过程中酰胺和硼烷逐渐减少,目标产物逐渐增多;但并未给出其他反应中间体的信息.核磁研究以及对照实验结果表明,反应中有苯甲醛的生成,可能是反应中间体.因此推测,该催化体系经历了锆氢介导的酰胺C?N键断裂、重组、C?O键断裂这一特殊的酰胺键活化转化过程.DFT计算也证实了上述反应历程的可行性.除一些常见官能团外,本方法对羧酸酯、氰基、硝基、烯烃和炔烃这些可能被硼氢化的官能团同样具有兼容性.而且本文体系对一些生物、药物分子衍生酰胺的硼氢化也可以顺利进行.可见,本文发展了一种温和条件下使用廉价催化剂和原料选择性合成胺类化合物的方法.     

一种宽能谱多球中子谱仪能量响应的MC模拟

利用蒙特卡罗程序FLUKA模拟计算了聚乙烯慢化球和辅助材料慢化球对低能中子到高能中子的响应函数曲线。结果表明,对纯聚乙烯球来说,随着聚乙烯层厚度的增加,响应曲线峰逐步右移,峰值在高能区有所下降,对20 Me V以上的中子,无论纯聚乙烯球的尺寸有多大,其响应均下降到很低的程度;对辅助材料慢化球来说,中子能量小于1 Me V时,辅助材料慢化球与聚乙烯慢化球的响应曲线相似,但当中子能量大于20 Me V时,中子与辅助材料层发生(n,xn)反应,慢化球的响应呈显著上升趋势。分析计算结果,最终能够确定宽能谱多球中子谱仪的尺寸组合。     

Phenylboronate‐diol crosslinked polymer/SWCNT hybrid gels with reversible sol–gel transition

This work demonstrates the successful incorporation of functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) into the phenylboronate‐diol crosslinked polymer gel to create a hybrid system with reversible sol–gel transition. The phenylboronic acid‐containing and diol‐containing polymers were first separately prepared by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Covalent functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with an azide‐derivatized, diol‐containing polymer was then accomplished by a nitrene addition reaction. Subsequently, the hybrid gels were prepared by crosslinking the mixture of f‐SWCNTs and diol‐containing polymer with the phenylboronic acid‐containing polymer. The hybrid gel has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rheological analysis. The SEM measurement demonstrated a homogeneous dispersion of f‐SWCNTs within the gel matrices. Rheological experiments also demonstrated that the hybrid gel exhibited storage moduli significantly higher than those of the native gel obtained from the phenylboronic acid‐containing and diol‐containing polymers. The hybrid gel can be switched into their starting polymer (f‐SWCNTs) solutions by adjusting the pH of the system. Moreover, the hybrid gel revealed a self‐healing property that occurred autonomously without any outside intervention. By employing this dynamic character, it is possible to regenerate the used gel, and thus, it has the potential to perform in a range of dynamic or bioresponsive applications Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal study of HNIW(CL-20) and mixtures containing aluminum powder

The thermal behavior of the energetic material 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-tetracyclo-[5.5.0.0^5,9.0^3,11]-dodecane (HNIW or CL-20) and its mixtures with aluminum under linear temperature control condition and adiabatic condition were investigated by DSC-TG-MS-FT-IR and ARC. Two different particle sizes of aluminum powder (10 μm and 50 nm) were added into CL-20. The influence of particle size on the thermal behavior of CL-20 was studied by using of these apparatuses. The enthalpies of reaction and onset temperatures were determined for various heating rates. The kinetic parameters were found according to Kissinger method, Ozawa method, and Friedman method based on DSC data. The gaseous products from the decomposition of CL-20 and its mixtures were determined by simultaneous MS-FT-IR experiments. ARC measurements were performed to investigate the thermal stability of the samples. The onset temperature, adiabatic temperature rise, self-heat rate, time to maximum rate, and pressure–temperature profile were found from the data measured by ARC. Based on these results, the catalytic effect of aluminum powder was studied.     

Pyrolysis of Hailar lignite in an autogenerated steam agent

An in situ pyrolysis process of high moisture content lignite in an autogenerated steam agent was proposed. The aim is to utilize steam autogenerated from lignite moisture as a reactant to produce fuel gas and additional hydrogen. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that mass loss and maximum mass loss rate increased with the rise of heating rates. The in situ pyrolysis process was performed in a screw kiln reactor to investigate the effects of moisture content and reactor temperature on product yields, gas compositions, and pyrolysis performance. The results demonstrated that inherent moisture in lignite had a significant influence on the product yield. The pyrolysis of L _R (raw lignite with a moisture content of 36.9 %, wet basis) at 900 °C exhibited higher dry yield of 33.67 mL g^?1 and H₂ content of 50.3 vol% than those from the pyrolysis of the predried lignite. It was also shown that increasing reaction temperature led to a rising dry gas yield and H₂ yield. The pyrolysis of L _R showed the maximum dry yield of 33.7 mL g^?1 and H₂ content of 53.2 vol% at 1,000 °C. The LHV of fuel gas ranged from 18.45 to 14.38 MJ Nm^?3 when the reactor temperature increased from 600 to 1,000 °C.