Analysis on plasma chemistry and particle growth in corona discharge process for NO/sub x/ removal using discrete-sectional method

The particle formation and growth combined with plasma chemistry in the pulsed corona discharge process (PCDP) to remove NO/sub x/ were analyzed by the discrete-sectional model. In the PCDP, most of the NO is converted into NO/sub 2/ and, later, into HNO/sub 3/ which reacts with NH/sub 3/ to form the NH/sub 4/NO/sub 3/ particle. In the beginning of the reactor, we have the high concentration of small size particles and, later, the particle size distribution in the reactor becomes bimodal with the large size and small size particles and, finally, becomes monodisperse with the large size particles. As the average electron concentration increases, it takes a shorter reactor length to remove the NO/sub x/. As the initial NO and H/sub 2/O concentrations decrease, the NH/sub 3/ is consumed more slowly to form the ammonium nitrates particles. As the averaged electron concentration and initial H/sub 2/O concentration increase, the large size particles grow more quickly and the particle size distribution becomes bimodal earlier. As the initial NO and NH/sub 3/ concentrations increase, the diameter of large size particles becomes larger by the faster coagulation between particles. The predicted NO/sub x/ conversion and particle size distribution were in close agreements with the published experimental results at the averaged electron concentration of 2/spl times/10/sup 5/ cm/sup -3/ in this study.     

The effect of olefinic terminal chains on the mesomorphic properties of 4,4'-disubstituted diphenyldiacetylenes

New diphenyldiacetylenes of the type with A, B = H and/or F; m = 0, 1; n = 1-4; and X = C n H 2n + 1 , F, CF 3 or CN were synthesized and their mesomorphic properties determined by hot stage polarizing microscopy and DSC. When m = 0, all of these compounds showed only a nematic phase except when X = CF 3 when both nematic and smectic A phases were seen. Both clearing and melting temperatures were higher than those reported for substitution with the corresponding alkyl chains but the much larger increase in clearing temperatures produced considerably wider nematic phases. Eutectic mixtures of a few of these olefins yielded nematic materials also having much wider temperature ranges and higher clearing temperatures than the eutectic mixtures of the alkyl compounds, while retaining their high birefringence and low viscosities. Such materials are of interest for beam-steering devices.

Four of the diacetylenes with m = 1 ( A, B = H) were also prepared ( X = C 6 H 13 , F, n = 2, 3). When X was C 6 H 13 ( n = 2), the nematic range was smaller in the 2- than in the 1-olefin but wider than in the alkyl series. When X = F, either no nematic phase or a monotropic one was observed, whereas the 1-olefins gave a much wider nematic phase. Both transition temperatures were lower than those for the corresponding 1-olefin and alkyl analogues. The compound with X = C 6 H 13 and n = 2 had a melting temperature below room temperature.     

Game theoretic analysis of the bargaining process over a long-term replenishment contract

This paper presents supplier–buyer models to describe the bargaining process between a supplier and a buyer over a long-term replenishment contract. Two different models are developed: one for the situation where the supplier has superior bargaining power over the buyer, and the other for the reverse situation. For each model, a method is derived that employs game theory-based analysis to determine the best strategy for each agent. A computational experiment is conducted to estimate the efficiency of the methods and to determine the economic implications of the results. The result indicates that each algorithm is very efficient compared to other strategies. We also verify that the solutions derived from each model are Nash equilibrium. Significantly improved outcomes are obtained for both agents by agreeing to the terms generated by the algorithms over the terms selected in the usual manner.     

Preparation of enantiomerically pure (R)-2-butyryloxymethylglycidol by lipase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis

Optically active epoxy alcohol, (R)-2-butyryloxymethylglycidol3 which is the precursor of a tert-alcohol chiral building block was obtained in high enantiomeric purity, 98.7% e.e., by lipase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis using a phosphate buffer and organic co-solvent system in 95% of chemical yield.     

Precipitation and characterization of uniform submicrometer lead titanate particles. Part II: Reaction mechanism

The chemical mechanism of the precipitation of lead titanium peroxohydroxide particles in a solution of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) complexes of lead and titanium peroxo-hydroxide is envisioned as the interaction between cations of lead hydroxide and anions of polymeric titanium peroxo-hydroxide.     

Separation of screw-sensed particles in a homogeneous shear field

The Stokes motions of three-dimensional screw-sensed slender particles in a homogeneous shear field are investigated, including the effects of buoyancy. Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of achieving a separation of mixtures of right- and left-handed particles. The linearity of the Stokes equations allows complex flows to be solved by adding the effects of the several terms which describe the flow in which the particle is immersed. The homogeneous shear flow considered here consists of three such terms; solutions for a series of 12 unit motions are sufficient to determine the hydrodynamic resistance tensors. The forces and torques experienced by screw-sensed particles are calculated from these 51 resistance tensors, using slender-filament theory. The results allow an estimate of the range of buoyancy parameters for which gravitational sedimentation can be neglected. The fundamental component of the particle motion is a rotation, at approximately the same angular velocity as that of the fluid. Superimposed on this are variations, of large period, in the particle orientation. A phase plane analysis is used to find the terminal orientations. Very long calculation times are required for the phase portrait. An approximate method based on azimuthally-averaged equations is developed to avoid the requirements for long time integration.     

The spectrum is continuous on the set of quasi-n-hyponormal operators

In this paper it is shown that the spectrum σ, a set-valued function, is continuous when the function is restricted to the set of all ‘quasi-n-hyponormal’ operators acting on an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space, where a quasi-n-hyponormal operator is defined to be unitarily equivalent to an n×n upper triangular operator matrix whose diagonal entries are hyponormal operators.     

The solution existence of general variational inclusion problems

We propose general variational inclusion problems which are slightly different from corresponding problems considered in several recent papers in the literature and show that they are advantageous. Sufficient conditions for the solution existence are established. As applications we derive consequences for several special cases of variational inclusion problems, quasioptimization problems, equilibrium problems and implicit variational inequalities and show that they improve the results of some recent existing papers.     

Differential operators on Hilbert modular forms

We investigate differential operators and their compatibility with subgroups of SL₂n(R). In particular, we construct Rankin-Cohen brackets for Hilbert modular forms, and more generally, multilinear differential operators on the space of Hilbert modular forms. As an application, we explicitly determine the Rankin-Cohen bracket of a Hilbert-Eisenstein series and an arbitrary Hilbert modular form. We use this result to compute the Petersson inner product of such a bracket and a Hilbert modular cusp form.     

Dual effects of fullerene doped to holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals

Doping of conductive fullerene particles to the formulation of conventional holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal‐induced dual effects of reducing both droplet coalescence and operating voltage. Fullerene induced an induction period which otherwise does not exist, followed by a gradual increase of diffraction efficiency to a saturation value being increased with increasing fullerene content. The increased diffraction efficiency was caused by the decreased droplet coalescence which was due to the hindered migration of LC by the fullerene particles. On the other hand, doped fullerene particles augmented the conductivity of polymer phase and hence the local electrical field imposed on LC droplet, which overcome the threshold for driving and reduced operating voltage and response times. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5590–5596, 2007