全文获取类型
收费全文 | 73136篇 |
免费 | 15548篇 |
国内免费 | 6845篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 68313篇 |
晶体学 | 931篇 |
力学 | 2629篇 |
综合类 | 410篇 |
数学 | 6807篇 |
物理学 | 16439篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 92篇 |
2023年 | 777篇 |
2022年 | 1106篇 |
2021年 | 1564篇 |
2020年 | 2743篇 |
2019年 | 3969篇 |
2018年 | 2359篇 |
2017年 | 2021篇 |
2016年 | 5063篇 |
2015年 | 5287篇 |
2014年 | 5572篇 |
2013年 | 6847篇 |
2012年 | 6401篇 |
2011年 | 5796篇 |
2010年 | 5450篇 |
2009年 | 5307篇 |
2008年 | 5079篇 |
2007年 | 4293篇 |
2006年 | 3780篇 |
2005年 | 3550篇 |
2004年 | 2828篇 |
2003年 | 2500篇 |
2002年 | 3174篇 |
2001年 | 2372篇 |
2000年 | 2137篇 |
1999年 | 1168篇 |
1998年 | 605篇 |
1997年 | 505篇 |
1996年 | 476篇 |
1995年 | 430篇 |
1994年 | 382篇 |
1993年 | 306篇 |
1992年 | 251篇 |
1991年 | 222篇 |
1990年 | 213篇 |
1989年 | 156篇 |
1988年 | 143篇 |
1987年 | 106篇 |
1986年 | 103篇 |
1985年 | 99篇 |
1984年 | 60篇 |
1983年 | 36篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1980年 | 22篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
1971年 | 12篇 |
1936年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
961.
Han J Goncharov V Kaledin LA Komissarov AV Heaven MC 《The Journal of chemical physics》2004,120(11):5155-5163
The electronic spectroscopy of UO(2) has been examined using multiphoton ionization with mass-selected detection of the UO(2) (+) ions. Supersonic jet cooling was used to reduce the spectral congestion. Twenty-two vibronic bands of neutral UO(2) were observed in the range from 17,400 to 32,000 cm(-1). These bands originated from the U(5fphi(u)7ssigma(g))O(2) X (3)Phi(2u) and (3)Phi(3u) states. The stronger band systems are attributed to metal-centered 7p<--7s transitions. Threshold ionization measurements were used to determine the ionization potentials of UO and UO(2). These were found to be higher than the values obtained previously from electron impact measurements but in agreement with the results of recent theoretical calculations. 相似文献
962.
963.
用停止-流动分光光度法研究了Eu~(2+)与二甲酚橙(XO)间快速电子转移反应的动力学规律。求得了速控步骤的动力学参数。如反应级数(n=2)、几个不同温度下的速率常数(k_(278 K)=5.7×10~8 L·mol~-·s~(-1), k_(s38 K)=1.01×10~9 L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1))、活化能(E=7.6×10~3 J·mol~(-1)), 以及指前因子(A=1.5×10~(10) L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1)), 并判断出其为溶液中扩散控制型反应。根据实验现象与测试结果, 提出了Eu~(2+)与XO的反应分别在Eu~(2+)相对过量和在XO过量时的反应机理, 并判断了各反应步骤速率常数之间的相对关系。 相似文献
964.
肝素化壳聚糖季铵盐/壳聚糖复合膜抗凝血性能的研究 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
以壳聚糖季铵盐,壳聚糖为基本原材料,选用戊二醛为交剂剂及固定剂,制备一种物理机械性能较优的抗凝血材料。探讨了戊二醛及肝素钠两者用量对肝素化程度及血液生的影响。 相似文献
965.
Gejihu De Weiping Qin Jisen Zhang Yan Wang Chunyan Cao Yang Cui 《Journal of solid state chemistry》2006,179(3):955-958
In this work, we used the hydrothermal method to synthesize Eu3+ ion-doped cubic BaF2 nanorods, which is a luminescent material. The clubbed structures were well crystallized and exhibited face-centred cubic structures, as indicated by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The luminescent properties were studied, and local symmetry surrounding Eu3+ ions and electronic transition processes included. The results indicated that Eu3+ occupied only one C4ν site in nanorods. 相似文献
966.
This research applies semiconductor photocatalysts, which are formed by metal ion exchange on the surface of kaolinite catalyst with cations, to the study of photocatalytic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol. The analysis results of catalyst properties shows that, after sintering at 400 °C, kaolinite catalyst has a particle size of between 10–100 nm indicating the nano level of synthesized catalysts. Under the same condition, kaolinite‐Ag/Zn catalyst works better in degradation efficiency than single kaolinite‐Ag and kaolinite‐Zn catalysts. Kaolinite‐Zn catalyst declines in degradation efficacy after 150 minutes and performs poorer than the other three types of kaolinite catalysts. In the experiments of different amounts of catalysts, when the concentration exceeds 0.1 wt%, utilization of light energy and degradation efficiency will be reduced due to shielding effect. When at different pH values, the higher the pH value, the more OH‐will be released and that is beneficial for reaction with substances and the increase of reaction rate. Finally multivariate analysis proves that there is one determining factor that influences the photocatalytic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol in kaolinite catalysts, named as “the factor with intermediates competition degree,” the one affecting the 4‐CP degradation at different weight percentages that is referred to as the “shielding effect factor.” 相似文献
967.
Xue Yuan HU Xue Sen FAN Xin Ying ZHANG Gui Rong QU Yan Zhen LI School of Chemical Environmental Sciences Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control Henan Normal University Xinxiang Chongqing University of Medical Sciences Chongqing 《中国化学快报》2005,(7)
Construction of tetrahydropyran rings has attracted a great deal of interests in organic synthesis in recent years1, since tetrahydropyran moiety constitutes a structural unit in a number of natural products2. In addition, tetrahydropyran derivatives possess wide range of biological activities and pharmacological properties, such as anticancer activity3 and antihypersensitivity4. Many methods for the preparation of such compounds have already been developed5. Among them, condensation of α, β… 相似文献
968.
969.
970.
In the 21st century, hydrogen energy is a novel energy source. Its use is expected to mitigate the problems of environmental pollution and global warming caused by the excessive use of conventional fossil fuels. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for water splitting has attracted considerable attention because of its environmental friendliness. To improve electrocatalyst performance and reduce operation cost, carbon-based metal hybrid materials exhibiting high efficiency and catalytic activity have been developed. Among them, carbon dots (CDs) have garnered significant research attention and have been widely applied in biosensing, bioimaging, and energy conversion/storage because of their facile synthesis, biocompatibility, tunable photoluminescence, excellent stability, and good electronic properties. CDs are widely used as carriers in the construction of electrocatalysts prepared from carbon-based metal hybrid materials. At present, it is believed that CDs exhibit excellent confinement effects, which can effectively inhibit the growth and agglomeration of metal nanoparticles, thereby preparing well-distributed carbon-based metal hybrid materials with a uniform and controllable size. However, the formation process of the small-molecule raw materials of CDs has not been elucidated. In this study, CDs and small-molecule raw materials from synthetic CDs were used as precursors to prepare nitrogen-doped CD-supported ruthenium nanoparticle (Ru@CDs) and small-molecule-supported ruthenium nanoparticle (Ru@Molecule) hybrid materials, respectively. The interaction between the small molecules and Ru in the process of CD formation and the effect on HER performance were explored. Moreover, we prepared different carriers such as metal organic frameworks(MOF), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene (GO)-supported ruthenium nanoparticle hybrid materials. Among them, Ru@CDs exhibited controllable size and excellent dispersibility and exhibited outstanding HER activity and good stability. Ru@CDs were found to require a low overpotential of 22 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA·cm−2. Moreover, we observed the presence of an intermediate state between the molecules and CDs and demonstrated that the intermediate state exhibits no confinement effect. Furthermore, we found that with increasing calcination temperature, the intermediate state gradually changes to CDs. The unique spatial confinement between CDs and metal ions is key to the formation of monodisperse Ru nanoparticles. Our results confirmed that Ru@CDs serve as excellent HER catalyst supports. This work not only reveals the effect of the unique spatial confinement of CDs on the supported metals and their promoting effect on electrocatalytic activity but also provides guides the future development of CD-based metal hybrid electrocatalysts. 相似文献