首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   55926篇
  免费   10017篇
  国内免费   1515篇
化学   54126篇
晶体学   546篇
力学   1118篇
数学   3970篇
物理学   7698篇
  2023年   151篇
  2022年   425篇
  2021年   705篇
  2020年   1604篇
  2019年   2921篇
  2018年   1347篇
  2017年   970篇
  2016年   3892篇
  2015年   3957篇
  2014年   4074篇
  2013年   5251篇
  2012年   4446篇
  2011年   3861篇
  2010年   3894篇
  2009年   3717篇
  2008年   3781篇
  2007年   2965篇
  2006年   2741篇
  2005年   2697篇
  2004年   2380篇
  2003年   2110篇
  2002年   2693篇
  2001年   1806篇
  2000年   1668篇
  1999年   648篇
  1998年   237篇
  1997年   233篇
  1996年   276篇
  1995年   188篇
  1994年   203篇
  1993年   205篇
  1992年   153篇
  1991年   125篇
  1990年   129篇
  1989年   101篇
  1988年   72篇
  1987年   74篇
  1986年   52篇
  1985年   77篇
  1984年   54篇
  1983年   42篇
  1982年   65篇
  1981年   63篇
  1979年   46篇
  1978年   46篇
  1977年   34篇
  1976年   41篇
  1975年   37篇
  1974年   37篇
  1973年   34篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is widely used industrially to make epoxy and alkyd resins, plasticizers and surfactants. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is induced by repeated TMA challenge and the role of TNF-alpha and IgE in the TMA-induced CHS. The repetition of the challenge enlarged the extent of an early and a late phase of CHS in TNF-alpha+/+ (B6129SF2/J) and Balb/c mice. In the late phase of TMA-induced CHS, the peak of ear swelling responses by single challenge showed at 24 h after challenge, but the peak was observed at 8 h after repeated challenge. In the TNF-alpha knockout TNF-alpha-/- (B6;129S-Tnftm1Gk1) mice, the repetition of the TMA challenges enlarged the extent of the late phase of CHS, but less than those in TNF-alpha+/+ mice. Injection of anti-TNF-alpha antibody into the peritoneal cavity of Balb/c mice significantly decreased the extent of the late phase of CHS. Subcutaneous injection of anti-IgE antibody into Balb/c mice also decreased the extent of the late phase of CHS in dose-dependent manner. Histologically, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils was more pronounced in repeatedly TMA-challenged TNF-alpha+/+ and Balb/c mice than in the TNF-alpha-/- mice and anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IgE antibodies treated Balb/c mice. These results indicate that mice sensitized by TMA could possibly offer a useful model to study the mechanism of CHS, and TNF-alpha and IgE may act as potential modulators in the late phase of TMA-induced CHS. Neutralization of TNF-alpha and IgE by anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IgE antibodies may provide therapeutic tools for the treatment of TMA-induced CHS.  相似文献   
992.
A new synthetic route for biologically interesting benzochromenes was developed starting from naphthalenols and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of ethylenediamine diacetate. This methodology was applied for the total synthesis of the biologically important natural products lapachenole, dihydrolapachenole, and mollugin with a benzochromene moiety.  相似文献   
993.
The reaction between Cr(CO)5[C6H6] and ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) has been studied using the technique of laser flash photolysis. Results indicate that the Cr(CO)5 fragment reacts very rapidly with the EDA ligand. Low temperature spectroscopic studies suggest that in the case of W(CO)5, and by analogy also in the case of Cr(CO)5, the initial adduct between the pentacarbonyl fragment and EDA is one where the oxygen atom of the diazocarbonyl ligand is bound to the metal center. This kinetic product is then converted to a thermodynamically favored complex which is tentatively assigned as the nitrogen bound W(CO)5-EDA complex that appears to be stable at r.t.  相似文献   
994.
Benzyl cation was detected by transient absorption spectroscopy with a spectroscopic multichannel analyzer on pulse excitation (fourth harmonic of Nd:YAG laser, 266 nm; 10 ns fwhm) of benzyl(4-hydroxyphenyl) methylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate(BSS) in 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). The benzyl cation was long-lived (lifetime, 59 ms) at room temperature and quenched by a vinyl ether compound. The formation of the benzyl cation as active species on photolysis of BSS is in contrast to the formation of Brønsted acids in other sulfonium salts so far reported. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   
995.
This paper presents the synthesis of some novel acyclonucleosides containing 2‐pyridinones and 2‐hydroxyethoxymethyl, 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl side chain. The tosylate of these nucleosides analogues could be modified to azido derivatives. Also, acyclonucleosides with 1‐ethoxymethyl, 1‐benzyloxymethyl, 1‐methylthiomethy 1 and 2‐hydroxyethyl side chains have been investigated. The O‐alkylated pyridine derivatives were obtained during most reactions.  相似文献   
996.
Jang DO  Kim DD  Pyun DK  Beak P 《Organic letters》2003,5(22):4155-4157
[reaction: see text]. Highly enantioenriched quaternary centers are obtained by the reaction of chiral lithiated intermediates complexed to (-)-sparteine with tetrasubstituted, alpha,alpha-dinitrile activated olefins. Lithiated N-Boc-N-Aryl benzylamine furnishes products with drs from 78:22 to 95:5, with ers exceeding 94:6. Lithiated N-Boc-N-Aryl allylamine reactants provide enecarbamate products with drs from 55:45 to 99:1, with ers ranging from 87:13 to 97:3.  相似文献   
997.
Nonisothermal kinetics of the solid‐solid phase transition in (n‐C10H21NH3)2ZnCl4(C10Zn), (n‐C16H33NH3)2ZnCl4(C16Zn) and their binary system were determined by Kissinger and Ozawa methods from DSC measurements. The activation energy Ea of the binary system shows a waving dependence on WC10Zn%, which is caused by not only an intermediate (C10H21NH3)(n‐C16H33NH3)ZnCl4 but also three solid solution ranges (α, β, γ) in the phase diagram of C10Zn‐C16Zn. The variations of the layer d‐spacing are also convenient for the above result.  相似文献   
998.
Cell lysis was demonstrated on a microfluidic CD (Compact Disc) platform. In this purely mechanical lysis method, spherical particles (beads) in a lysis chamber microfabricated in a CD, cause disruption of mammalian (CHO-K1), bacterial (Escherichia coli), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. Interactions between beads and cells are generated in the rimming flow established inside a partially filled annular chamber in the CD rotating around a horizontal axis. To maximize bead-cell interactions in the lysis chamber, the CD was spun forward and backwards around this axis, using high acceleration for 5 to 7 min. Investigation on inter-particle forces (friction and collision) identified the following parameters; bead density, angular velocity, acceleration rate, and solid volume fraction as having the most significant contribution to cell lysis. Cell disruption efficiency was verified either through direct microscopic viewing or measurement of the DNA concentration after cell lysing. Lysis efficiency relative to a conventional lysis protocol was approximately 65%. In the long term, this work is geared towards CD based sample-to-answer nucleic acid analysis which will include cell lysis, DNA purification, DNA amplification, and DNA hybridization detection.  相似文献   
999.
Chemical Constituents of Ailanthus triphysa   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Two new compounds,8(14),15-isopimaradiene-2α,3α,19-triol(1),and 6α,7β-dihydroxy-17(20)-cis-5α-pregna-16-one(2),together with four known copounds,a oxygenated rare phyllocladane,phyllocladan-16α,19-diol(3),kaempferol-3-0-β-D-galactopyranosied,kaempferol-3-0-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and scopoletin, were isolated from the leaves of Ailanthus tripysa.Structures of 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data as compared with related compounds.  相似文献   
1000.
Glypican-3 (GPC3) encodes a cell-surface heparan- sulfate proteoglycan and its expression is frequently silenced in ovarian cancer, mesotheliomas, and breast cancer cell lines and ectopic expression of GPC3 inhibited the growth of these cells, suggesting that GPC3 plays a negative role in cell proliferation. In contrast, up-regulation of GPC3 is often observed in hepatoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms' tumor. Whether GPC3 plays the same growth inhibitory role in these tumors remains to be studied. Here we report that antisense-mediated knockdown of GPC3 in the HepG2 hepatoma cells significantly promotes the growth of hepatoma cells. In addition, we show that this growth promotion is independent of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) signaling. Our data suggest that GPC3 plays a growth-suppressing role in hepatoma and provide cell biological evidence inconsistent with the hypothesis that GPC3 acts as a growth suppressor by downregulating IGF2.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号