The impact of high order refraction on optical microbubble sizing in multiphase flows

High order refractions have been found to have a great impact on optical particle sizing using phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) especially when the relative refractive index of the media is less than one. The high order refractions cannot be neglected because of the differences in spatial frequencies and motion directions of each order. A model of phase-size correlation is proposed that considers these high order refractions. By using the conversion factors of the high order refractions, the particle diameter can be determined. The capability of the newly developed method was evaluated by using generalized Lorenz Mie theory (GLMT), which was validated by experiments. The results of the simulation and experiments are compared with those based on the conventional method. An optimization method for accurately sizing air bubbles in water has been suggested.     

Radiale Stoffdispersionskoeffizienten in durchströmten keramischen Schäumen

The radial mass dispersion coefficient of ceramic foam structures with pore finesses of 10, 20, 30 and 50 PPI (pores per inch) in convective flow is determined by means of the injection method (methane as tracer gas). For empty tube velocities of ca. 0.6–6 m/s we obtain $$Pe_p = u_0 \cdot p/D_r = 8 ( \pm 30\% )$$ wherep: average pore diameter.     

Über die Tilgung periodischer Störungen bei digitaler Meßwertverarbeitung

übersicht Beim Einsatz von Proze?rechnern mu? zur Unterdrückung von periodischen St?rungen im Me?signal bisweilen anstelle eines analogen Filters ein digitales Filter treten. Damit eine Abtasfrequenz unterhalb der doppelten zu filternden St?rfrequenz gew?hlt werden kann, werden die Gesetze zur digitalen Erfassung und Rekonstruktion von langsam ver?nderlichen periodischen Signalen dargestellt. Durch Einführung eines zus?tzlichen Me?punktes innerhalb der Abtastzeit ist eine Sch?tzung und Tilgung einer gegenüber der Abtastfrequenz h?herfrequenten St?rung m?glich. Die hierzu erforderlichen Differenzengleichungen werden diskutiert und der Tilgervorgang an einem Beispiel demonstriert. Benutzt man mehrere Tilgergleichungen, dann k?nnen Spektralanteile im Me?signal oberhalb der halben Abtastfrequenz unterdrückt werden.

---

Summary In process computer application periodic disturbances are to be sometimes suppressed by digital filters. In order to choose a sampling frequency lower than the highest frequency of the disturbance, the paper describes the principle of digital measuring and reconstruction of slowly varying periodic signals. By introducing an additional measuring point within the sampling-period it is possible to estimate and to suppress a disturbance, whose frequency is above half the sampling frequency. The corresponding difference equations are discussed and an exemple illustrates the dynamic behaviour of suppression. Applying further equations, it is possible to suppress parts of spectral density being activ above half the sampling frequency.

---

---

Meinem Lehrer, Herrn Professor Dr.-Ing. K. Klotter, zum 75. Geburtstag gewidment.     

Recoil in macromolecular solutions according to rigid dumbbell kinetic theory

A macromolecular solution is represented by the simple model of rigid dumbbells suspended in a Newtonian fluid with Brownian motion included. Hydrodynamic interaction is not taken into account. It is found that for this model there will be recoil after the cessation of steady shearing flow. The ultimate shear recovery S _∞ is developed as a power series in κ^?, the shear rate prior to the cessation of the steady shear flow: $$S_\infty = (\theta _0 /2\eta _0 ) \kappa ^\user1{ - } + O(\kappa ^\user1{ - } )^3$$ where η₀ and θ₀ values of the viscosity and primary normal stress functions respectively at zero-shear rate. The coefficient of the term in (κ^?)³ is calculated. In addition, the behavior of the normal stresses during the recoil process is found; during recoil τ₂₂?τ₃₃ has the opposite sign from τ₁₁?τ₂₂.     

Ähnliche Grenzschichtlösungen zweiter Ordnung für Strömungs- und Temperaturgrenzschichten an longitudinal gekrümmten Wänden mit Grenzschichtbeeinflussung

Zusammenfassung Für die inkompressible, stationäre Strömungs- und Temperaturgrenzschicht an longitudinal gekrümmten Wänden mit Grenzschichtbeeinflussung werden unter Berücksichtigung der Glieder zweiter Ordnung, d. h. mit Berücksichtigung der Verdrängung und des metrischen Krümmungseinflusses ähnliche Lösungen angegeben. Die Lösungen erstrecken sich auf Wände, deren Krümmungk proportional zu einer Potenz der Bogenlängex ist. In dieser Familie von Wandkurven sind die Staupunktströmung an einem Zylinder und die Strömungen an Keilen mit gekrümmten Keilflanken eingeschlossen. Dabei ist der Öffnungswinkel des Keils mit dem Krümmungsverlauf der Keilflanken verknüpft.

---

Similarity solutions are given for incompressible, steady hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers on longitudinally curved walls with boundary layer interference considering second order terms i. e. allowing for displacement and metric curvature influence. The solution apply to walls with curvaturek proportional to a power of the arc lengthx. Involved in this family of wall-curves is the stagnation point flow on a cylinder and the flow along wedges with curved walls. Here, the angle of the wedge is connected to the curvature of the wedge-walls.

---

---

Mit Unterstützung der Aerospace Research Laboratories durch das U. S. Air Force European Office of Aerospace Research.     

Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung von Eigenwertschranken mit Anwendung auf das Beulen von Rechteckplatten

Übersicht Das Verfahren von Lehmann und Maehly zur Berechnung unterer und oberer Schranken für die Eigenwerte Hermitescher Operatoren im Hilbertraum wird übertragen auf das allgemeine Eigenwertproblem eines Operators relativ zu einem zweiten. Das Verfahren führt auf ein lineares Matrix-Eigenwertproblem. Als charakteristische Schwierigkeit tritt in der Rechenvorschrift für die Matrixelemente ein inverser Operator auf. Man ersetzt ihn durch seine Truncation, und erhält so ein verallgemeinertes Verfahren zur Berechnung unterer und oberer Eigenwertschranken. Das Verfahren wird angewandt bei der Berechnung von Beulwerten von Rechteckplatten.

---

Summary The procedure of Lehmann and Maehly for the calculation of lower and upper bounds to eigenvalues of Hermitian operators in Hilbert space is transferred to the eigenvalue problem of one operator relative to another. The problem is reduced to a linear matrix eigenvalue problem. It is a characteristic difficulty that one needs an inverse operator to calculate the matrix elements. The replacement of this operator by its truncation yields a generalized procedure for the calculation of lower and upper bounds to eigenvalues. The method is used in the buckling of rectangular plates.

---

---

Gekürzte Fassung eines Teiles der Dissertation des Verfassers, eingereicht in der TH Darmstadt, 1966.     

A torsional creep apparatus

Summary This paper describes a torsional creep apparatus for the determination of the creep compliance in shear as a function of time. The instrument is suitable for the measurement of compliances below 5·10^–8 m²/N, in the time range between 1 and 10⁵ seconds. Within five minutes and with an accuracy of 1 C, the temperature of the specimen can be adjusted to any value between –175 and –200 C. From the torsional creep measurements can be calculated the dynamic shear modulus and the corresponding damping. The lowest damping, determined in this way, is several times 10^–3.

---

Zusammenfassung Ein Apparat zur Messung des Torsions-Kriechverhaltens wird beschrieben. Das Instrument ist zur Bestimmung von Nachgiebigkeiten kleiner als 5·10^–5 m²/N im Zeitbereich zwischen 1 und 10⁵ Sekunden geeignet. Die Temperatur der Probe läßt sich innerhalb 5 Minuten und mit einer Genauigkeit von 1 C auf jeden Wert zwischen –175 und –200 C einstellen. Aus der gemessenen Kriechfunktion können der dynamische Schubmodul und die dynamische Dämpfung berechnet werden. Eine untere Grenze für die Dämpfung, die man auf diese Weise noch bestimmen kann, ist einige Male 10^–3.

---

---

The work was partly sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C., under contract number N 62558-3884.     

On the existence and bifurcation of minimal normal modes

Minimal normal modes (MNMs) are defined as non-linear normal modes which give a true minimum to Jacobi's Principle of Least Action. It is shown that for a certain class of two degree of freedom non-linear conservative systems, MNMs generically occur in pairs. The nature of both generic and non-generic bifurcations of MNMs is derived and illustrative examples are given.     

Unsteady state diffusion of vapour in a closed tube

Results of one-dimensional calculations for unsteady state diffusion of a vapour in a closed tube are compared to calculations (a) for unsteady state diffusion of a vapour in an open tube, and (b) for heat conduction in a finite slab and an infinite slab. In the cases of (b) the effect of the convective term in the transport equation is absent.The total pressure is calculated and differences in the two cases are explained.An experiment is described in which the pressure increase in a closed tube due to the diffusion of water vapour in dry air is measured as a function of time. The experimental results agree quite well with the theoretical predictions. The results of this investigation may be used for the experimental determination of the diffusion coefficient of a vapour in a gas and in pressure measurements in systems with an evaporating liquid.Nomenclature a thermal diffusivity - D diffusion coefficient - w mean particle velocity - g particle flux in the laboratory system - g* particle flux in a system moving with the mean particle velocity w - L length of the tube - n number density of molecules - n _vs saturation number density of vapour molecules - p pressure - p _vs saturation pressure of the vapour - t time - z distance from the liquid surface - N total quantity of evaporated liquid     

A dynamic photoelastic study of stress-wave propagation through an inclusion

A photoelastic study of the elastodynamic-stress fields around a circular, elastic inclusion (Solithane 113) embedded in an elastic plate (Hysol 4485) is presented. The edge of the plate was loaded by an explosive charge, which produced a plane, compressional stress wave of triangular shape. Isochromatic-fringe patterns were obtained, which give the maximum shear stresses, both inside the inclusion and in the surrounding medium. The principal stresses on the axis of symmetry were determined through the use of the oblique-incidence method. It was found that small tensile stresses are generated at the interface on the shadow side of the inclusion. The focusing effect inside the inclusion predicted by ray theory was not observed. Finally, the shape of the wavefront as the wave passes the inclusion was determined.