Control of a liquid–liquid heat exchanger

 The analytical solutions of equations describing the dynamics of distributed parameter systems are usually complicated in form and derivations and inconvenient to use for simulation and control system design. The liquid–liquid counter flow heat exchanger is an example of these disturbed parameter systems. An analytical solution of the dynamics of a symmetrically operated counter flow heat exchanger in the form of transfer function matrix is investigated in open-loop and close-loop conditions. The resulting non-linear model was linearized using perturbation approach. A feed-forward path controller to counteract at any disturbances in the boundary temperature and a non-interactive controller to decouple the outputs were implemented. Received on 22 February 2001 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

On Critical Stability of Three Quantum Charges Interacting Through Delta Potentials

We consider three one-dimensional quantum, charged and spinless particles interacting through delta potentials. We derive sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of at least one bound state.     

Conditional Time Before Ruin of an Insurance Company

The statistical characteristics of conditional time before ruin of an insurance company, including the distribution function of conditional time and its moments are examined.     

Elektrische Charakterisierung von Hochfrequenz-Niederdruck-Gasentladungen

In recent years there has emerged significant interest in low pressure radio frequency (rf) glow discharges which are used widely particulary in IC fabrication. Various parameters of the rf glow discharge have been found to be useful for its electrical characterization; however, there is no uniformity and agreement. Extensive experimental investigations on various discharge systems have shown, that the self-bias on the rf driven electrode, the complex conductivity and the breakdown characteristic are preferable parameters of rf discharges. Advantageously the self-bias and the complex conductivity should be presented in dependence on the pressure and the applied rf voltage. The discharge current cannot be measured quite accurately due to currents via leaky capacitors and the deviations from a sinusoidal form of the current due to nonlinearities.     

Strain-induced modification of magnetic structure and new magnetic phases in rare-earth epitaxial films

Rare earths exhibit complex magnetic phase diagrams resulting from the competition between various contributions to the magnetic energy: exchange, anisotropy and magnetostriction. The epitaxy of a rare-earth film on a substrate induces (i) a clamping to the substrate and (ii) pseudomorphic strains. Both these effects are shown to lead to modifications of the magnetic properties in (0 0 1)Dy, (0 0 1)Tb and (1 1 0)Eu films. In Dy and Tb films, spectacular variations of the Curie temperature have been evidenced. Additionally, Tb films exhibit a new large wavelength magnetic modulation. In Eu films, one of the helical magnetic domains disappears at low temperature whereas the propagation vectors of the other helices are tilted. The link between structural and magnetic properties is underlined via magnetoelastic models. Moreover, molecular beam epitaxy permits the growth of Sm in a metastable dhcp phase. The magnetic structure of dhcp Sm has been elucidated for the first time. In this review, neutron scattering is shown to be a powerful technique to reveal the magnetic structures of rare-earth films.     

Electro-optic pulse response of ferroelectric liquid crystals

The electro-optic response of ferroelectric smectic C* liquid crystals has been studied. Anomalous switching behaviour of such materials which possess a negative dielectric anisotropy has been reported. These materials show a minimum in response time at a sufficiently high field. We present results showing the dependency of this minimum upon spontaneous polarisation and the effect of AC bias. Calculations based upon the equation of motion of the director around the cone are presented which describe this effect and its dependence on the relative magnitudes of the spontaneous polarization and dielectric anisotropy of the material. Good agreement with the experimental results is found.     

On some p-adic properties of Siegel-Eisenstein series

We introduce a formula for the p-adic Siegel-Eisenstein series which demonstrates a connection with the genus theta series and the twisted Eisenstein series with level p. We then prove a generalization of Serre's formula in the elliptic modular case.