Interaction of secondary amines with aromatic aldehydes-efficient method for synthesis of the functionalized heterocyclic amines

A method is proposed for the benzylation of secondary heterocyclic amines with functionalized derivatives of benzaldehyde in the presence of formic acid under conditions close to amination according to the Leuckart-Wallach reaction. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1820–1823, December, 2007.     

Stability of solutions in optimal reinsurance problem

A discrete-time insurance model with stop-loss reinsurance is considered. One-period insurance claims form a sequence of independent identically distributed nonnegative random variables with finite mean. The insurer maintains the company surplus above a chosen level a by capital injections. We study the stability of optimal capital injections to the variability of claims distribution. The term “optimal” means the minimal amount of injections that can be found from the corresponding Bellman equation.     

Synthesis of Amino and Hydroxy Derivatives of 4,7-Phenanthroline

Nitro-, dinitro-, and hydroxynitrophenyl-substituted 4,7-phenanthrolines were reduced with tin(II) chloride in a mixture of acetic and nitric acids to obtain amino, diamino, and hydroxy derivatives of 4,7-phenanthroline. When heated with aromatic aldehydes, the products form azomethines of the 4,7-phenanthroline series.     

Contribution of tilt boundaries to the total energy spectrum of grain boundaries in polycrystals

By measuring temperatures T _w for the transition from the incomplete to complete wetting of grain boundaries in poly- and bicrystals, the width of the spectrum of tilt grain boundaries and their contribution to the total energy spectrum of grain boundaries in polycrystals have been experimentally estimated. It has been shown that the tilt grain boundaries correspond to a rather narrow (only 5–10%) portion in the total energy spectrum of grain boundaries in polycrystals. In metals with a low stacking fault energy (copper, tin, zinc), the tilt grain boundaries belong to 10–20% of the grain boundaries with the highest transition temperatures T _w (hence, with low energies). In a metal with a high stacking fault energy (aluminum), the values of T _w for the tilt grain boundaries lie nearly in the middle between the minimum (T _w,min) and maximum (T _w,max) transition temperatures from the incomplete to complete wetting of grain boundaries. This means that grain boundaries with the structure corresponding to a lower energy than that of the symmetric twin boundaries (or stacking faults) can exist in aluminum.     

Heterogeneous nucleation and depletion effect in nanowire growth

Recent experiments by Ross and co-workers proved the possibility of a mononuclear regime with heterogeneous nucleation as well as jerky growth in the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process for silicon nanowires. In this work, a theoretical model is presented which incorporates the effects of (i) a mononuclear regime with layer by layer growth, (i) heterogeneous nucleation of each new layer at the edge of a Au–Si droplet, (iii) drop of supersaturation after each successful nucleation and respective fast layer growth, (iv) time-dependent nucleation barrier during each new waiting period and (v) correlation between subsequent waiting periods (non-Markovian sequence of waiting periods).     

Kinetic analysis of the instability of hollow nanoparticles

A general method of obtaining hollow nanoparticles by utilizing the Kirkendall effect has been reported recently. We examine here the thermal instability of hollow nanoparticles. The difference of vacancy concentrations at the inner and outer surfaces of a nanoshell will generate an outflux of vacancies and transform it into a solid nanoparticle. Phenomenological as well as kinetic Monte Carlo modeling has been applied to analyse the shrinking kinetics of nanoshells, consisting of either a pure element or an intermetallic compound with large difference of partial diffusivities of the components. Shrinking kinetics and time to collapse to solid particles are demonstrated to be determined mainly by the slow diffusant, making compound nanoshells more stable than anticipated.     

Condensation of fluorine-substituted benzaldehydes with amines and cyclic ketones

Condensation of fluorine-containing benzaldehydes with naphthalen-2-amine or quinolin-6-amine and cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and 4-methylcyclohexanone) gave new fluorine-containing derivatives of cyclopenta[c]benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[a]phenanthridine, and cyclopenta[a]- and benzo[a]-[4,7]phenanthroline. Intermediate products, 2-[(fluorophenyl)(2-naphthylamino or quinolin-6-ylamino)methylidene] cyclohexanones, dihydrobenzo[f]quinolines, and dihydro-4,7-phenanthrolines, were isolated.     

3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde in the synthesis of aza-and diazaphenanthrene derivatives

Condensation of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde with 2-naphthyl-or 6-quinolylamine and CH-acids (acetone, acetophenone, cyclic mono-and β-diketones) provided new derivatives of benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[a]phenanthridine, benzo[a]acridine, and 4,7-phenanthroline. The arising in the course of the reaction [3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-ylmethylene]-2-naphthyl-(or 6-quinolyl)amines, [3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-ylmethylene]-1,3-indandione, and octahydro-1,8-xanthenedione derivatives were isolated.     

Synthesis of new aryl(hetaryl)vinyl-substituted benzo[<Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis>]quinolines and 4,7-phenanthrolines

Previously unknown 1-[2-aryl(quinolin-2-yl)ethenyl]-3-[aryl(quinolin-2-yl)]benzo[f]quinolines and 3-aryl-1-(2-arylethenyl)-4,7-phenanthrolines were synthesized by reactions of 1-methylbenzo[f]quinolines and 1-methyl-4,7-phenanthrolines with substituted N-benzylideneanilines and N-(quinolin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline on heating in dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium hydroxide.