Mixed ionic and electronic conductivity study of charge transfer complexes of some substituted pyridines with iodine monochloride (ICl) by AC impedance spectroscopy

Mixed ionic and electronic conductivity of three solid charge transfer (CT) complexes of pyridine, 4-methylpyridine (γ-picoline) and 3,5-dimethylpyridine (3,5-lutidine) with ICl (iodine monochloride) are reported. Electrical parameters of the prepared complexes in the pellet form are evaluated at various temperatures and at wide frequency range by employing AC complex impedance spectroscopic technique. Suitable equivalent circuits for the Nyquist plots, which provide the most realistic model of the electrical properties of the CT complexes, have been suggested. Both transport number measurements and impedance spectra reveal that the conduction in γ-picoline-ICl complex is mainly due to ions, in 3,5-dimethylpyridine-ICl complex, it is due to both ions and electrons and in pyridine-ICl complex, it is predominantly due to electrons. The a.c. conductivity measurements of the CT complexes have been carried out in the frequency range of 10–10⁵ Hz within the temperature range of 303–353 K. The variation of a.c. conductivity with frequency follows the Jonscher’s universal power law. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity suggests the semiconducting behaviour of the materials.     

Controllability of nonlinear systems

In this paper we obtain global controllability of a semilinear system involving monotone nonlinearities of both Lipschitzian and non-Lipschitzian types.     

Kinetic studies on saponification of ethyl acetate using an innovative conductivity‐monitoring instrument with a pulsating sensor

An innovative conductometric measurement technique using a nonconventional but high‐performance (high‐precision, high‐resolution, rapid response features for online graphic display) in house–built pulsating conductivity monitoring instrument has been deployed to study the kinetic behavior during the reaction of ethyl acetate and NaOH. A laboratory‐made constant temperature reaction bath with the facility of continuous stirring of solution for homogeneous mixing was used to carry out experiments at desired solution temperatures. Rate constants of the saponification reaction in the temperature range at various temperatures (30–55°C) were determined, and the results were compared with the reported values. Although the reported data exhibit wide scatter, our data are in agreement with some of the literature data. From these data, thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, activation enthalpy, activation entropy, and activation free energy have been evaluated. With the introduction of this novel conductometric measurement technique, the determination of rate constants at various solution temperatures becomes much simpler and faster. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 648–656, 2011     

Relation Between CPT Violation in Neutrino Masses and Mixings

The neutrino parameters determined from the solar neutrino data and the anti-neutrino parameters determined from KamLAND reactor experiment are in good agreement with each other. However, the best fit points of the two sets differ from each other by about 10⁻⁵ eV² in mass-square difference and by about 2° in the mixing angle. Future solar neutrino and reactor anti-neutrino experiments are likely to reduce the uncertainties in these measurements. This, in turn, can lead to a signal for CPT violation in terms a non-zero difference between neutrino and anti-neutrino parameters. In this paper, we propose a CPT violating mass matrix which can give rise to the above differences in both mass-squared difference and mixing angle and study the constraints imposed by the data on the parameters of the mass matrix.     

Selective recovery of gold from secondary sources by Dowex-50-X8 sorbed Rhodamine-B resin

Gold recovery from spent materials has been performed on modified cation-exchange resin. The modified resin was prepared by sorption of Rhodamine-B on Dowex-50-X8 (Na+) resin at pH 2.0. Distribution coefficients of gold ion have been determined with 15% (w/v) potassium chloride in different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. On the basis of Kd values quantitative separation of gold from secondary sources has been achieved. Gold(III) has been selectively separated from gold containing spent materials by column chromatography using modified ionexchange resin and the recovery was more than 92% compared to conventional cyanidation process. The results of the proposed method are suggestive of its applicability to other gold containing secondary sources.     

Imaging the neural circuitry and chemical control of aggressive motivation

Background  

With the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in awake animals it is possible to resolve patterns of neuronal activity across the entire brain with high spatial and temporal resolution. Synchronized changes in neuronal activity across multiple brain areas can be viewed as functional neuroanatomical circuits coordinating the thoughts, memories and emotions for particular behaviors. To this end, fMRI in conscious rats combined with 3D computational analysis was used to identifying the putative distributed neural circuit involved in aggressive motivation and how this circuit is affected by drugs that block aggressive behavior.     

Time-domain Fresnel-to-Fraunhofer diffraction with photon echoes

A photon echo experiment in Tm(3+):YAG is reported that shows, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, the time-domain equivalent of the transition from near- to far-field diffraction, including Talbot self-imaging effects. The experiment demonstrates the huge dispersion capability of photon echoes and opens the way to further exploration of space-time duality.