多工况下杆系结构拓扑型优化设计

 给出了一种用于杆系结构的拓扑型结构综合算法. 该算法由拓扑 级和形状级两部分组成，并用修正Goldfarb法进行求解. 本文提出的 修正Goldfarb法是根据杆系结构特点吸取文[1]的松弛方法在共轭梯度 法基础上给出的，通过对结构优化算例的计算，说明该方法效果较好.     

Diffraction and re-initiation of detonations behind a backward-facing step

Diffraction phenomena of gaseous detonation waves behind a backward-facing step in a tube are observed by using high-speed schlieren photography and soot-track records as well as by pressure measurements on the sidewall. Mixtures are stoichiometric oxyhydrogen and those diluted by argon at sub-atmospheric pressures. Three types of phenomena are observed, that is, continuous propagation of detonation, re-initiation after a temporal extinction of detonation and complete extinction of detonation. The continuous propagation means that the diffracted wave does not affect the main propagation although reflected shock waves from the bottom surface of the tube may affect it. The re-initiation occurs at a wall surface of the tube behind a reflected shock wave after the main detonation wave has been extinguished. Positions and conditions of the re-initiation are discussed. The complete extinction is defined as disappearance of detonation cells behind the step within a certain length of the tube. Cases exist where an ignition occurs after several reflections off the bottom and top surface of the tube.     

COMPUTATION OF SUPERSONIC TURBULENT FLOWFIELD WITH TRANSVERSE INJECTION

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｍｉｘｉｎｇｆｌｏｗｆｉｅｌｄｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｆｒｏｍａｓｏｎｉｃｇａｓｅｏｕｓｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｊｅｃｔｅｄｔｒａｎｓｖｅｒｓｅｌｙｉｎｔｏａｓｕｐｅｒｓｏｎｉｃｆｒｅｅｓｔｒｅａｍｉｓｅｎｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｆｉｅｌｄｓｓｕｃｈａｓｒｏｃｋｅｔｍｏｔｏｒｔｈｒｕｓｔｖｅｃｔｏｒｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ,ｓｕｐｅｒｓｏｎｉｃｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎ ,ｈｉｇｈ＿ｓｐｅｅｄｆｌｉｇｈｔｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｊｅｔｓ,ａｎｄｇａｓ＿ｔ…     

Postsynthetic Improvement of the Physical Properties in a Metal–Organic Framework through a Single Crystal to Single Crystal Transmetallation

A single crystal to single crystal transmetallation process takes place in the three‐dimensional (3D) metal–organic framework (MOF) of formula Mg^II₂{Mg^II₄[Cu^II₂(Me₃mpba)₂]₃}?45 H₂O ( 1 ; Me₃mpba^4?=N,N′‐2,4,6‐trimethyl‐1,3‐phenylenebis(oxamate)). After complete replacement of the Mg^II ions within the coordination network and those hosted in the channels by either Co^II or Ni^II ions, 1 is transmetallated to yield two novel MOFs of formulae Co₂^II{Co^II₄[Cu^II₂(Me₃mpba)₂]₃}?56 H₂O ( 2 ) and Ni₂^II{Ni^II₄[Cu^II₂(Me₃mpba)₂]₃}? 54 H₂O ( 3 ). This unique postsynthetic metal substitution affords materials with higher structural stability leading to enhanced gas sorption and magnetic properties.     

A Chemically Triggered and Thermally Switched Dielectric Constant Transition in a Metal Cyanide Based Crystal

A dielectric constant transition is chemically triggered and thermally switched in (HPy)₂[Na(H₂O)Co(CN)₆] ( 2 , HPy=pyridinium cation) by single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation and structural phase transition, respectively. Upon dehydration, (HPy)₂[Na(H₂O)₂Co(CN)₆] ( 1 ) transforms to its semi‐hydrated form 2 , accompanying a transition from a low‐dielectric state to a high‐dielectric state, and vice versa. This dielectric switch is also realized by a structural phase transition in 2 that occurs between room‐ and low‐temperature phases, and which corresponds to high‐ and low‐dielectric states, respectively. The switching property is due to the variation in the environment surrounding the HPy cation, that is, the hydrogen‐bonding interactions and the crystal packing, which exert predominant influences on the dynamics of the cations that transit between the static and motional states.     

Electrochemical Modulation of the Fluorescence of Cyanine Dye Cy5

Organic fluorescent dyes are widely used in single molecule localization microscopy, where their performances are determined by the photophysical properties. Herein, we utilized a sensitive method to modulate the fluorescence of organic dyes by external potentials using a combination of electrochemical cell and super‐resolution fluorescent microscopy. Cy5 (cyanine dye) was chosen as a model molecule considering its wide application and commercial availability. We applied different potentials on the Au electrode to change the Coulombic charge microenvironment of Cy5. When the electrode potential was adjusted negatively, Cy5 displayed a better photostability. This method is proved effective in adjusting the fluorescence of organic dyes.     

Comparison of copolymer emulsions of fluorine and siloxane‐containing acrylates with core–shell structure for water‐repellent cotton fabrics coatings

This paper described the synthesis of copolymer emulsions of fluorine and siloxane‐containing acrylates for water‐repellent cotton fabrics coatings. Chemical composition, morphology structure, and properties of the latex copolymers were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effects of water‐repellent functional monomers (R_f) on surface morphology, water contact angle, and water‐repellent properties of the coated fabric surface were also studied. The results indicated that R_f greatly influenced molecular mass distribution of the latex copolymers, the molecular aggregation states and orientation of R_f on the coated fabric surface, and water‐repellency of coated cotton fabrics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Photochromic Metal–Organic Frameworks: Reversible Control of Singlet Oxygen Generation

The controlled generation of singlet oxygen is of great interest owing to its potential applications including industrial wastewater treatment, photochemistry, and photodynamic therapy. Two photochromic metal–organic frameworks, PC‐PCN and SO‐PCN, have been developed. A photochromic reaction has been successfully realized in PC‐PCN while maintaining its single crystallinity. In particular, as a solid‐state material which inherently integrates the photochromic switch and photosensitizer, SO‐PCN has demonstrated reversible control of ¹O₂ generation. Additionally, SO‐PCN shows catalytic activity towards photooxidation of 1,5‐dihydroxynaphthalene.