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91.
We analyze the optimal investment strategy of a firm that can complete a project either in one stage at a single freely chosen time point or in incremental steps at distinct time points. The presence of economies of scale gives rise to the following trade-off: lumpy investment has a lower total cost, but stepwise investment gives more flexibility by letting the firm choose the timing individually for each stage. Our main question is how uncertainty in market development affects this trade-off. The answer is unambiguous and in contrast with a conventional real-options intuition: higher uncertainty makes the single-stage investment more attractive relative to the more flexible stepwise investment strategy. 相似文献
92.
2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-thioxocyclobutanone (8b) easily reacts with gaseous chlorine to yield the stable alpha-chloro sulfenyl chloride 10. The same product was obtained when 8b was treated either with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl(5)) or sulfuryl chloride (SO(2)Cl(2)) in CCl(4) solution. Sulfur dichloride (SCl(2)) reacts with 8b to give the alpha-chloro thiosulfenyl chloride 12 along with an almost equimolar amount of the trisulfide 13b. The less reactive disulfur dichloride (S(2)Cl(2)) was shown to react slowly with 8b and the symmetrical tetrasulfide 15 was found as the exclusive product. The pure thiosulfenyl chloride 12 added to adamantanethione (8c) yielded the unsymmetrical trisulfide 13c. When 12 was treated with thioacetic acid, the acetylated trisulfide 17 was formed in high yield. "Unzipping" reactions with the acetylated disulfide 16 and trisulfide 17 with morpholine in THF at -40 degrees C led to the formation of mixtures of two sulfur-rich heterocycles identified as the pentathiepane 6b and the hexathiepane 7b. A mixture of analogous products was obtained when alpha-chloro sulfenyl chloride 10 was treated with sodium sulfide in anhydrous THF at -40 degrees C. The formation of 6b and 7b is believed to occur via the intermediate dithiirane 1b and/or the isomeric thiosulfine 2b. In the case of 17 the reaction starts probably with the formation of a nonisolable tetrathiane 18b as presented in Scheme 5. 相似文献
93.
Grzegorz Lewicki 《Journal of Approximation Theory》1999,97(2):593
LetX,Ybe two separable Banach spaces and letVXandWYbe finite dimensional subspaces. Suppose thatVSX,WZYand letM
(S, V),N
(Z, W). We will prove that ifαis a reasonable, uniform crossnorm onXYthenλMN(VαW,XαY)=λM(V, X) λN(W, Y).Here for any Banach spaceX,VSXandM
(S, V)
Also some applications of the above mentioned result will be presented. 相似文献
Full-size image
94.
Grzegorz Derfel 《Liquid crystals》1996,21(6):791-799
The magnetic field-induced deformations of weakly anchored nematic layers in the presence of the non-zero splay-bend elastic constant K13 are analysed by use of the Pergamenshchik approach. Most of the anomalous phenomena reported by other authors, that do not occur if k13 = 0, have been confirmed. New effects suitable for experimental verification are predicted: the discontinuous transition with hysteresis between the uniform undistorted state and the state uniformly aligned along the field, and the rotation of the director in the tilted layer during continuous increase and decrease of the perpendicular field. 相似文献
95.
Ph. Cahuzac J. L. LeGouët P. E. Toschek R. Vetter 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》1979,20(1):83-88
Laser induced nonlinear absorption profiles in a three-level system have been recorded to study the effect of elastic collisions
upon optical coherences. In our particular system, the signal is due to a pure double-quantum term, where we have separated
the effect of phase-interrupting collisions from the effect of velocity-changing collisions. Experimental results show that
the effect of velocity-changing collisions is very small, and that broadening of the signal is due to phase-interrupting collisions
mainly. We are able to determine the increase of the decay rate of the coherent superposition (the “coherence”) of two levels
of same parity [Dγ
13/dp=(6.5±1) MHz/Torr] and an upper limit for the mean velocity change (ũ≲5m/s). 相似文献
96.
Studies of monodomain manganese oxide by neutron diffraction and strain gauge measurements show that the antiferro-paramagnetic transition is clearly discontinuous. At the transition the order-parameter drops by about 60 percent of the T = 0 K value. 相似文献
97.
Zusammenfassung Aus -Diphenylmethylenaminoxy--oxy-propionitril2, einem Zwischenprodukt der von uns veröffentlichten Cycloserinsynthese2, wurde in 4stufiger Synthese über -Aminoxy--aminopropionsäuremethylester N,N-Dimethylcycloserin dargestellt. Versuche, nach gleichem Syntheseprinzip an C4bzw. C5 alkylierte bzw. arylierte Cycloserinanaloga zu gewinnen, blieben erfolglos.
H. Bretschneider, W. Vetter undE. Semenitz, Kurze Mitt.: Synthese und antibakterielle Eigenschaften desd,l-N,N-Dimethylcycloserins, Mh. Chem.89, 627 (1958). 相似文献
98.
Piotr?BilerEmail author Marco?Cannone Ignacio A.?Guerra Grzegorz?Karch 《Mathematische Annalen》2004,330(4):693-708
The existence of solutions of a nonlinear parabolic equation describing the gravitational interaction of particles is studied for the initial data in spaces of (generalized) pseudomeasures. This approach permits us to relax regularity assumptions on the initial conditions and to prove asymptotic stability results for the above problem.Mathematics Subject Classification (2000):35B40, 35K15, 82C21 相似文献
99.
Fred J. Hickernell Ian H. Sloan Grzegorz W. Wasilkowski. 《Mathematics of Computation》2004,73(248):1885-1901
We prove that for the space of functions with mixed first derivatives bounded in norm, the weighted integration problem over bounded or unbounded regions is equivalent to the corresponding classical integration problem over the unit cube, provided that the integration domain and weight have product forms. This correspondence yields tractability of the general weighted integration problem.
100.
Fred J. Hickernell Ian H. Sloan Grzegorz W. Wasilkowski. 《Mathematics of Computation》2004,73(248):1903-1911
We prove that for every dimension and every number of points, there exists a point-set whose -weighted unanchored discrepancy is bounded from above by independently of provided that the sequence has for some (even arbitrarily large) . Here is a positive number that could be chosen arbitrarily close to zero and depends on but not on or . This result yields strong tractability of the corresponding integration problems including approximation of weighted integrals over unbounded domains such as . It also supplements the results that provide an upper bound of the form when .