全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1736篇 |
免费 | 40篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1078篇 |
晶体学 | 8篇 |
力学 | 78篇 |
数学 | 186篇 |
物理学 | 438篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 12篇 |
2020年 | 18篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2016年 | 24篇 |
2015年 | 14篇 |
2014年 | 24篇 |
2013年 | 74篇 |
2012年 | 68篇 |
2011年 | 116篇 |
2010年 | 46篇 |
2009年 | 53篇 |
2008年 | 82篇 |
2007年 | 87篇 |
2006年 | 82篇 |
2005年 | 86篇 |
2004年 | 69篇 |
2003年 | 57篇 |
2002年 | 56篇 |
2001年 | 32篇 |
2000年 | 36篇 |
1999年 | 24篇 |
1998年 | 21篇 |
1997年 | 23篇 |
1996年 | 21篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 25篇 |
1991年 | 23篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 23篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 32篇 |
1984年 | 23篇 |
1983年 | 22篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 24篇 |
1978年 | 23篇 |
1977年 | 19篇 |
1976年 | 20篇 |
1975年 | 25篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 29篇 |
1972年 | 10篇 |
1970年 | 12篇 |
1967年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有1788条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
Ann M. Anderson Mary K. Carroll Emily C. Green Jason T. Melville Michael S. Bono 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2010,53(2):199-207
Hydrophobic silica aerogels have been prepared using the rapid supercritical extraction (RSCE) technique. The RSCE technique
is a one-step methanol supercritical extraction method for producing aerogel monoliths in 3 to 8 h. Standard aerogels were
prepared from a tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) recipe with a molar ratio of TMOS:MeOH:H2O:NH4OH of 1.0:12.0:4.0:7.4 × 10−3. Hydrophobic aerogels were prepared using the same recipe except the TMOS was replaced with a mixture of TMOS and one of
the following organosilane co-precursors: methytrimethoxysilane (MTMS), ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS), or propyltrimeth-oxysilane
(PTMS). Results show that, by increasing the amount of catalyst and increasing gelation time, monolithic aerogels can be prepared
out of volume mixtures including up to 75% MTMS, 50% ETMS or 50% PTMS in 7.5–15 h. As the amount of co-precursor is increased
the aerogels become more hydrophobic (sessile tests with water droplets yield contact angles up to 155°) and less transparent
(transmission through a 12.2-mm thick sample decreases from 83 to 50% at 800 nm). The skeletal and bulk density decrease and
the surface area increases (550–760 m2/g) when TMOS is substituted with increasing amounts of MTMS. The amount of co-precursor does not affect the thermal conductivity.
SEM imaging shows significant differences in the nanostructure for the most hydrophobic surfaces. 相似文献
142.
F. M. Green I. S. Gilmore J. L. S. Lee S. J. Spencer M. P. Seah 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2010,42(3):129-138
An interlaboratory study involving 19 time‐of‐flight static secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF‐SSIMS) instruments from 12 countries has been conducted. Analysts were supplied, by the National Physical Laboratory, with a protocol for analysis together with three reference materials: poly(tetrafluoroethylene), a thin layer of polycarbonate on a silicon wafer and a patterned sample with different amounts of Irganox 1010 in each of four quadrants on a silicon wafer. The objectives of the study are (i) to determine the repeatability and constancy of the relative intensity scale achievable using the draft ISO standard (DIS 23830), (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of mass scale calibration and optimisation procedure and (iii) to evaluate the current capability of relative quantification using SSIMS. The results of this study show that the constancy of the relative intensity scale has an approximate scatter standard deviation of only 5%. This is excellent and demonstrates that SSIMS measurements are significantly more stable than often thought by analysts. The draft ISO standard (DIS) CD 13084 for calibration of the mass scale in TOF‐SIMS was evaluated and found to be consistent with our previous study. Four laboratories optimised the instrument mass calibration accuracy using this procedure leading to improvements in mass scale calibration by factors of 1.8, 2.2, 2.3 and 8.6. Using a novel patterned Irganox sample it is shown that the precision of relative quantification may be as good as a standard deviation of only 5% for 16 instruments—this is a remarkable result. Further work is required to develop more robust reference materials. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
143.
HUANG Yu LIU JunLiang ZHANG Ji LIU Qiang HOU JiTing ZHANG Yu ZHANG DaWei LU QiaoSen CHEN ShanYong LIN HongHui & YU XiaoQi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu China Key Laboratory of Bio-resources Eco-environment College of Life Sciences China. 《中国科学:化学》2010,(1)
A series of novel molecules with a cyclen(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) moiety appended on and bearing different aromatic fragments in the structures were synthesized and characterized.The binding activities of these compounds towards DNA were systematically studied by spectroscopic,viscometric and gel electrophoresis methods.The results suggest that the stacking interaction plays an important role in improving the DNA binding ability of the compounds.The binding modes of the compounds towards DNA are als... 相似文献
144.
WANG Ye AN DongLi & ZHANG QingHong State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols Ethers Esters 《中国科学:化学》2010,(2)
Selective oxidation or oxidative functionalization of methane and ethane by both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis is presented concerning: (1) selective oxidation of methane and ethane to organic oxygenates by hydrogen peroxide in a water medium in the presence of homogeneous osmium catalysts, (2) selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde over highly dispersed iron and copper heterogeneous catalysts, (3) selective oxidation of ethane to acetaldehyde and formaldehyde over supported molybdenum cat... 相似文献
145.
Martin P. Seah Felicia M. Green Ian S. Gilmore 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2010,21(3):370-377
Measurements are described to evaluate the constitution of secondary ion mass spectra for both monatomic and cluster primary
ions. Previous work shows that spectra for different primary ions may be accurately described as the product of three material-dependent
component spectra, two being raised to increasing powers as the cluster size increases. That work was for an organic material
and, here, this is extended to (SiO2)
t
OH− clusters from silicon oxide sputtered by 25 keV Bi
n
+ cluster primary ions for n = 1, 3, and 5 and 1 ≤ t ≤ 15. These results are described to a standard deviation of 2.4% over 6 decades of intensity by the product of a constant
with a spectrum, H
SiOH/*, and a power law spectrum in t. This evaluation is extended, using published data for Si
t
+ sputtered from Si by 9 and 18 keV Au− and Au3−, with confirmation that the spectra are closely described by the product of a constant with a spectrum, H
Si*, and a simple spectrum that is an exponential dependence on t, both being raised to appropriate powers. This is confirmed with further published data for 6, 9, 12, and 18 keV Al− and Al2− primary cluster ions. In all cases, the major effect of intensity is then related to the deposited energy of the primary
ion at the surface. The constitution of SIMS spectra, for monatomic and cluster primary ion sources, is shown, in all cases,
to be consistent with the product of a constant with two component spectra raised to given powers. 相似文献
146.
Crystallization of a semi-crystalline polyolefin in the presence of low molecular weight modifiers was quantified by differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The polyolefin was a commercial grade of isotactic poly(1-butene) (iPB). Two modifiers were used: an oligomeric plasticizer, designated HOAO, which decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the system, and an oligomeric tackifier, designated HOCP, which increased Tg. Binary iPB/modifier blends containing 10% or 20% by weight of HOAO or HOCP were examined to determine how their addition affects Tg, while ternary iPB/HOAO/HOCP blends containing 10% or 20% by weight of total modifier were examined to determine the effects of dilution by using a ratio of HOAO to HOCP that matched the Tg of iPB. The addition of modifier decreased the nucleation rate, spherulitic crystal growth rate, and final crystallinity of each blend. However, only the nucleation rate showed a dependence on the type of modifier, with nucleation retarded more by HOCP than by HOAO. A Hoffman-Weeks analysis of the melting point as a function of crystallization temperature confirmed that the driving force for nucleation was reduced, and that the effect was larger for HOCP. An Avrami analysis of the bulk crystallization kinetics was consistent with these observations, as the Avrami exponents were in the range of 3-4. 相似文献
147.
Gilles Gasser Jonathan D. Carr Stephen J. Green Sean M. Cafferkey James H.R. Tucker 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2010,695(2):249-3763
Two new ligand derivatives of ferrocene, namely N-4-[3,5-di-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoyl]ferrocene carbimine (L1) and N-4-[3,5-di-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoyl]ferrocene carbamide (L2), were synthesised in good yields by reacting the known compound 3,5-di-pyridine-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-ylamine (1) with ferrocenecarbaldehyde and chlorocarbonyl ferrocene, respectively. The structures of L1 and L2 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The complexation of L1 and L2 with CuI, AgI, ZnII and CdII was studied by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, as well as by electrochemistry, with titrations used to determine metal:ligand stoichiometries. The cyclic voltammograms of L1 and L2 and their respective complexes indicated reversible one-electron transfers corresponding to the Fc0/+ redox couple (Fc = ferrocene), with formal electrode potentials shifting to more positive values upon metal complexation. 相似文献
148.
Observations of improved radio frequency (rf) heating efficiency in ITER relevant high-confinement (H-)mode plasmas on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment are investigated by whole-device linear simulation. The steady-state rf electric field is calculated for various antenna spectra and the results examined for characteristics that correlate with observations of improved or reduced rf heating efficiency. We find that launching toroidal wave numbers that give fast-wave propagation in the scrape-off plasma excites large amplitude (~kV?m(-1)) coaxial standing modes between the confined plasma density pedestal and conducting vessel wall. Qualitative comparison with measurements of the stored plasma energy suggests that these modes are a probable cause of degraded heating efficiency. 相似文献
149.
150.
Nambu Y Zhao LL Morosan E Kim K Kotliar G Zajdel P Green MA Ratcliff W Rodriguez-Rivera JA Broholm C 《Physical review letters》2011,106(3):037201
Magnetism in the orthorhombic metal CaFe(4)As(3) was examined through neutron diffraction for powder and single crystalline samples. Incommensurate [q(m) ≈ (0.37-0.39) × b*] and predominantly longitudinally (|| b) modulated order develops through a 2nd order phase transition at TN = 89.63(6) K with a 3D Heisenberg-like critical exponent β = 0.365(6). A 1st order transition at T2 = 25.6(9) K is associated with the development of a transverse component, locking q(m) to 0.375(2)b*, and increasing the moments from 2.1(1) to 2.2(3) μ B for Fe2+ and from 1.3(3) to 2.4(4) μB for Fe+. The ab initio Fermi surface is consistent with a nesting instability in cross-linked FeAs strips. 相似文献