全文获取类型
收费全文 | 25023篇 |
免费 | 585篇 |
国内免费 | 143篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 16979篇 |
晶体学 | 124篇 |
力学 | 579篇 |
数学 | 4440篇 |
物理学 | 3629篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 181篇 |
2021年 | 263篇 |
2020年 | 307篇 |
2019年 | 323篇 |
2018年 | 234篇 |
2017年 | 198篇 |
2016年 | 489篇 |
2015年 | 460篇 |
2014年 | 503篇 |
2013年 | 1318篇 |
2012年 | 1167篇 |
2011年 | 1459篇 |
2010年 | 746篇 |
2009年 | 719篇 |
2008年 | 1281篇 |
2007年 | 1306篇 |
2006年 | 1275篇 |
2005年 | 1225篇 |
2004年 | 1069篇 |
2003年 | 919篇 |
2002年 | 824篇 |
2001年 | 362篇 |
2000年 | 289篇 |
1999年 | 259篇 |
1998年 | 280篇 |
1997年 | 318篇 |
1996年 | 361篇 |
1995年 | 247篇 |
1994年 | 285篇 |
1993年 | 270篇 |
1992年 | 249篇 |
1991年 | 244篇 |
1990年 | 200篇 |
1989年 | 235篇 |
1988年 | 244篇 |
1987年 | 205篇 |
1986年 | 198篇 |
1985年 | 294篇 |
1984年 | 341篇 |
1983年 | 224篇 |
1982年 | 371篇 |
1981年 | 347篇 |
1980年 | 323篇 |
1979年 | 330篇 |
1978年 | 329篇 |
1977年 | 297篇 |
1976年 | 285篇 |
1975年 | 260篇 |
1974年 | 253篇 |
1973年 | 237篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Robert McKelvey 《Natural Resource Modeling》1986,1(1):171-189
Fishing vessels, harvesting geographically dispersed and heterogeneous multispecies aggregates, are presumed to target on the most profitable pools. But, this behavior may lead to depletion of biologically valuable species, and consequent early closure by the management agency of the entire fishery. In this article, a simple model is analyzed in order to understand the dynamics of such targeting behavior. Further analysis explores the theoretical extent to which targeting might be altered through economic rationalization measures, landings taxes or quota markets, to achieve a more nearly optimal pattern of exploitation. 相似文献
32.
Christopher K. Yee‐Chan Robert C. Scogna Richard A. Register 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2007,45(10):1198-1204
In the idealized two‐phase model of a semicrystalline polymer, the amorphous intercrystalline layers are considered to have the same properties as the fully‐amorphous polymer. In reality, these thin intercrystalline layers can be substantially influenced by the presence of the crystals, as individual polymer molecules traverse both crystalline and amorphous phases. In polymers with rigid backbone units, such as poly(etheretherketone), PEEK, previous work has shown this coupling to be particularly severe; the glass transition temperature (Tg) can be elevated by tens of degrees celsius, with the magnitude of the elevation correlating directly with the thinness of the amorphous layer. However, this connection has not been explored for flexible‐chain polymers, such as those formed from vinyl‐type monomers. Here, we examine Tg in both isotactic polystyrene (iPS) and syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), crystallized under conditions that produce a range of amorphous layer thicknesses. Tg is indeed shown to be elevated relative to fully‐amorphous iPS and sPS, by an amount that correlates with the thinness of the amorphous layer; the magnitude of the effect is severalfold less than that in PEEK, consistent with the minimum lengths of polymer chain required to make a fold in the different cases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1198–1204, 2007 相似文献
33.
Jean-Jacques Jutier Even Lemieux Robert E. Prud'homme 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》1988,26(6):1313-1329
The miscibility of polyester/nitrocellulose blends was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Two nitrocelluloses (NC) derived from wood and having different nitrogen contents (12.62 and 13.42%) were used. On the basis of the glass transition temperature criterion, poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(valerolactone), poly(ethylene adipate), and poly(butylene adipate) are miscible with nitrocellulose, whereas poly(α-methyl α-propyl β-propiolactone) and poly(α-methyl β-proiolactone) are immiscible. The Tg versus composition curves of PCL/NC blends do not follow a monotone function but exhibit a singular point at a critical PCL volume fraction of 0.51 for NC-1342 and 0.45 for NC-1262 in agreement with Kovacs' theory. A shift of 17 cm-1 of the carbonyl stretching band was observed with PCL/NC blends and is taken as evidence for hydrogen bonding interaction between the PCL carbonyl group and NC hydroxyl group. The frequency difference between the free hydroxyl absorbance and the absorbances of the hydrogen-bonded species was found to be 85 cm-1 in pure NC and 125 cm-1 in PCL/NC blends; it indicates that the average strength of this interaction is stronger than the corresponding self-associated hydrogen bonding in pure NC. The presence of a dipole-dipole interaction between the nitrate-ester groups of NC and the carbonyl groups of the polyesters is reported. The relative strength of the hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions is discussed and correlated with polymer miscibility. 相似文献
34.
Pure adaptive search in global optimization 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Pure adaptive seach iteratively constructs a sequence of interior points uniformly distributed within the corresponding sequence of nested improving regions of the feasible space. That is, at any iteration, the next point in the sequence is uniformly distributed over the region of feasible space containing all points that are strictly superior in value to the previous points in the sequence. The complexity of this algorithm is measured by the expected number of iterations required to achieve a given accuracy of solution. We show that for global mathematical programs satisfying the Lipschitz condition, its complexity increases at mostlinearly in the dimension of the problem.This work was supported in part by NATO grant 0119/89. 相似文献
35.
Alick KT Law Deepak Gupta Shawn Levy Douglas C Wallace Robert J McKeon Charles R Buck 《BMC neuroscience》2004,5(1):1
Background
The adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (Ant1) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein involved with energy mobilization during oxidative phosphorylation. We recently showed that rodent Ant1 is upregulated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in reactive astrocytes following CNS injury. In the present study, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β1 regulates Ant1 gene expression in cultured primary rodent astrocytes. 相似文献36.
Below a critical thickness, of about 60 nm, the glass transition temperature of polystyrene (PS) films decreases with film thickness, as demonstrated using free‐standing films. A geometrical model is developed here describing this phenomenon in the case of ideal (Gaussian) chains. This model, which can be considered as an application of the free volume model, assumes that the decrease of the glass transition temperature from thick to ultrathin films is due to the modification of the interpenetration between neighboring chains. The theoretical curve deduced from the model is in excellent agreement with the PS experimental results, without using any adjustable parameters. From these results, it can be concluded that new chain motions, usually buried in bulk samples, are expressed by the presence of the surface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 10–17, 2007 相似文献
37.
Quantization consists in studying the L
r
-error induced by the approximation of a random vector X by a vector (quantized version) taking a finite number n of values. We investigate this problem for Gaussian random vectors in an infinite dimensional Banach space and in particular, for Gaussian processes. A precise link proved by Fehringer(4) and Dereich et al.
(3) relates lower and upper bounds for small ball probabilities with upper and lower bounds for the quantization error, respectively. We establish a complete relationship by showing that the same holds for the direction from the quantization error to small ball probabilities. This allows us to compute the exact rate of convergence to zero of the minimal L
r
-quantization error from logarithmic small ball asymptotics and vice versa. 相似文献
38.
Andrey Semichaevsky Markus E. Testorf Robert V. McGahan Michael A. Fiddy 《Waves in Random and Complex Media》2004,14(2):S415-S434
A linear spectral estimation technique, the PDFT algorithm, is used as part of a nonlinear iterative reconstruction scheme to obtain improved radar images. The iterative PDFT algorithm is used to address the limited resolution problem inherent to imaging objects buried in soil and hidden under foliage. This is achieved by subsequent application of two properties of the PDFT algorithm: the energy parameter of the PDFT algorithm is used to determine the target shape, while the shape information in turn is used to obtain super-resolved images. We describe algorithms able to exploit both properties automatically and without manual intervention. Two methods are investigated in particular, one iteratively optimizing the constraints by monitoring the energy parameter, the other method computing energy values for all points, from which a weighted prior function is determined. In addition, we discuss variants of both algorithm which provide an optimized trade-off between computation time and performance. Additional attention is given to situations, where a known target is embedded in an unknown background. Imaging results are presented for both synthetic and measured data. 相似文献
39.
Arthur Maki Robert L. Sams Jeffrey Barber Engelene t.H. Chrysostom Alfons Weber 《Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy》2004,225(2):109-122
Several new infrared absorption bands for 32S16O3 have been measured and analyzed. The principal bands observed were ν1+ν2 (at 1561 cm−1), ν1+ν4 (at 1594 cm−1), ν3+ν4 (at 1918 cm−1), and 3ν3 (at 4136 cm−1). Except for 3ν3, these bands are very complicated because of (a) the Coriolis coupling between ν2 and ν4, (b) the Fermi resonance between ν1 and 2ν4, (c) the Fermi resonance between ν1 and 2ν2, (d) ordinary l-type resonance that couples levels that differ by 2 in both the k and l quantum numbers, and (e) the vibrational l-type resonance between the A1′ and A2′ levels of ν3+ν4. The unraveling of the complex pattern of these bands was facilitated by a systematic approach to the understanding of the various interactions. Fortunately, previous work on the fundamentals permitted good estimates of many constants necessary to begin the assignments and the fit of the measurements. In addition, the use of hot band transitions accompanying the ν3 band was an essential aid in fitting the ν3+ν4 transitions since these could be directly observed for only one of four interacting states. From the hot band analysis we find that the A1′ vibrational level is 3.50 cm−1 above the A2′ level, i.e., r34=1.75236(7) cm−1. In the case of the 3ν3 band, the spectral analysis is straightforward and a weak Δk=±2, Δl3=±2 interaction between the l3=1 and l3=3 substates locates the latter A1′ and A2′ “ghost” states 22.55(4) cm−1 higher than the infrared accessible l3=1 E′ state. 相似文献
40.