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191.
We consider toy cosmological models in which a classical, homogeneous, spinor field provides a dominant or sub-dominant contribution to the energy-momentum tensor of a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. We find that, if such a field were to exist, appropriate choices of the spinor self-interaction would generate a rich variety of behaviors, quite different from their widely studied scalar field counterparts. We first discuss solutions that incorporate a stage of cosmic inflation and estimate the primordial spectrum of density perturbations seeded during such a stage. Inflation driven by a spinor field turns out to be unappealing as it leads to a blue spectrum of perturbations and requires considerable fine-tuning of parameters. We next find that, for simple, quartic spinor self-interactions, non-singular cyclic cosmologies exist with reasonable parameter choices. These solutions might eventually be incorporated into a successful past- and future-eternal cosmological model free of singularities. In an Appendix, we discuss the classical treatment of spinors and argue that certain quantum systems might be approximated in terms of such fields. 相似文献
192.
Hydrogels of N‐vinylimidazole (VI) and sodium styrenesulfonate (SSS) were synthesized in aqueous solution by radical crosslinking copolymerization with N,N′‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide) as crosslinker. Swelling in several saline solutions was measured for hydrogel samples synthesized with different comonomer concentrations (CT = 10, 25, or 40%) and with SSS mole fractions covering a broad range (fSSS = 0–0.7), while the crosslinker ratio was 2 wt % in all cases. The degree of swelling in aqueous solution with a specific ionic strength (μ), plotted versus the SSS composition of the feed, shows a minimum for any set of samples synthesized with a fixed CT. The dependence of swelling on μ shows both polyelectrolyte (fSSS beyond the minimum) and antipolyelectrolyte behaviors (in the low fSSS limit). It was found that the nonGaussian factor of the crosslinking density and the polymer‐solvent interaction parameter increase with fSSS for any CT. Moreover, in the low fSSS limit, the osmotic swelling pressure is governed not only by the ionic contribution, but also by the polymer‐solvent mixing and, the concentration of mobile counterions inside the gel is not proportional to the net fixed charge but to the addition of cationic and anionic side groups, what discards the formation of ionic pairs. The antipolyelectrolyte effect is interpreted as due to the increasing protonation of VI as μ goes up. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1683–1693, 2007 相似文献
193.
Charge density fluctuation of low frequency in a dusty plasma 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The charge density fluctuation of low frequency in a dusty plasma, which is derived from the longitudinal dielectric permittivity
of the dusty plasma, has been studied by kinetic theory. The results show that theP value, which describes the relative charge density on the dust in the plasma, and the charging frequency of a dust particle
Ω
c
, which describes the ratio of charge changing of the dust particles, determine the character of the charge density fluctuation
of low frequency. For a dusty plasma ofP≪1, when the charging frequency Ω
c
, is much smaller than the dusty plasma frequency ωd, there is a strong charge density fluctuation which is of character of dust acoustic eigenwave. For a dusty plasma ofP≫1, when the frequency Ω
c
, is much larger than ω
d
there are weaker fluctuations with a wide spectrum. The results have been applied to the ionosphere and the range of radius
and density of dust particles is found, where a strong charge density fluctuation of low frequency should exist. 相似文献
194.
We analyze the spectral properties of the differential operator in wavelet bases. The problem is studied on a periodic domain, with periodized wavelets. An algorithm for finding the eigenvalue function of the differential operator is presented, and general conditions that ensure a "nicely behaving" eigenvalue function are derived. 相似文献
195.
The dependence of cross sections on the colour state of the colliding hadrons is investigated within the Low-Nussinov model of two-gluon exchange. The total cross sections for colour-octet hadrons are practically constant as functions of the hadronic radii, while they tend to zero when the radii of the colour-singlet hadrons approach zero. The slope parameter of the differential clastic cross sections for small momentum transfers is rather insensitive to the colour structure of the colliding hadrons. The integrated colour exchange cross section is calculated. 相似文献
196.
197.
G. Baldsiefen H. Hübel W. Korten U. J. van Severen J. A. Cizewski N. H. Medina D. R. Napoli C. Rossi Alvarez G. Lo Bianco S. Signorelli 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1996,355(1):337-338
High-spin states in196Pb have been populated using the reaction170Er(30Si,4n). The previously observed shears bands in this nucleus have been extended and some of their transitions have been reordered. They now form regular bands with band crossings. One of the bands splits into two pathways at high spin. 相似文献
198.
A. Mahoui J. Lapasset D. G. Sannikov J. Moret P. Saint Grégoire 《Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter》1995,99(4):543-549
The crystal structure [(C2H5)4N]2CuCl4 has been determined by X-ray diffraction at 243K. The room temperature phase (phase I) belongs to the space group P42/nm [1] whereas the low temperature phase (phase II) is orthorhombic and belongs to the space group Pnna. The phase transition at Tc=258K is of improper ferroelastic type and it is associated with the ordering of the CuCl4 2? and a partial ordering of the [(C2H5)4N]+ ions which are disordered in the high temperature tetragonal phase. At lower temperature, there occurs another instability which could correspond to a complete ordering in the crystal. 相似文献
199.
200.
L. J. Yamí n S. E. Blanco J. M. Luco F. H. Ferretti 《Journal of Molecular Structure》1997,390(1-3):209-215
The isomerization mechanism of 2′(OH)chalcone (1) in flavanone (2) was studied. The calculations were performed with the semiempirical method AM1, using totally optimized molecular geometries. A 6-step mechanism including several equilibrium states was proposed. It was concluded that: (a) At the conformational equilibrium of 1 there could be 43.9% of s-cis conformer; (b) The acid dissociation of 1 trans-s-trans is considerable; (c) The EE, ΔHf and net charges show that the rotation of ring A of 1 and the formation of ring C of 2 occurs without greater impairments; (d) Although the keto structure is the most stable one, the enolate of 2 is present in the reaction medium; (e) The conversion of enol of 2 in the keto form would be the limiting step of the analyzed isomerization rate. 相似文献