High‐pressure effects on the Diels–Alder reaction in room temperature ionic liquids

The effect of pressure on the Diels–Alder reaction was examined in room temperature ionic liquids, followed by high‐pressure FT‐IR spectroscopy using pressures up to 150 MPa. Pressure enhances the kinetic sensitivity of the reaction. The kinetic effect of fluorophobic interactions was examined using ionic liquids with fluorous cations. Ionic liquids in combination with ZnI₂ as a Lewis acid catalyst were also studied under high pressure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Die Sulfide des Galliums

Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurde erstmalig das Gallium-3-sulfid hergestellt und seine Eigenschaften beschrieben. 2. Durch Reduktion desselben wurde das Gallium-2-sulfid erhalten. 3. Im Hochvakuum zerlegt sich das Zweisulfid in das grauschwarze Gallium-1-sulfid und gelbe Trisulfid. 4. Durch R?ntgenogramme wurde die Existenz des ein-, zwei- und dreiwertigen Sulfides nachgewiesen.     

Der toxikologische Nachweis von L?sungsmitteln und Gasen

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Toxicological detection of solvents and gases

     

Identification of protein surfaces by NMR measurements with a pramagnetic Gd(III) chelate.

Gd-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-bismethylamide, Gd(DTPA-BMA), is shown to be a reagent suitable for the identification of protein surfaces. Compared to the conventionally used spin-label TEMPOL, Gd(DTPA-BMA) is a stronger relaxation agent, requiring lesser concentrations to achieve the same paramagnetic relaxation enhancement of solvent-exposed protein protons. It is also less hydrophobic and therefore less prone to specific binding to proteins. Relaxation enhancements predicted by a second-sphere interaction model correlated with experimental data recorded with ubiquitin, while the correlation with corresponding data recorded with TEMPOL was poor.     

PHOTOCHROMIC SYNERGISM OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN- and HALORHODOPSIN-MEDIATED PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IN Halobacterium halobium*

Quantitative action spectroscopy was performed in Halobacterium halobium. using four suited pigment mutants, namely the bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin positive mutant strain M-l (BR⁺, HR⁺), the bacteriorhodopsin positive but halorhodopsin negative strain M-18 (BR⁺, HR^-), the bacteriorhodopsin negative but halorhodopsin positive strain L-33 (BR^-, HR⁺), and the bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin negative strain L-07 (BR^-, HR⁺). The approached questions were: First, photoenergetic synergism of halorhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin in intact cells; second, photochromism and cellular function of the blue light-absorbing intermediates, i.e. M-412 and HR-410 in bacteriorhodopsin and in halorhodopsin, respectively. Dark-adapted cells of mutant strain M-l show wavelength-dependency of quantum yield of photo-phosphorylation, φ_ATP. An 1.4-fold enhancement was found at 575 nm wavelength where the long wavelength absorbance bands of bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin intersect. The enhancement vanished after a 30 min pulse of orange light (600 Wm^-2 bandpass from 495 to 750 nm), but was restored after a 30 min pulse of blue light (100 Wm^-2 bandpass from 325 to 480 nm). Photoreversibility of this enhancement probably reflects phototransformation of halorhodopsin from its ground state into its inactive intermediate, HR-410, and vice versa. The halorhodopsin-mediated enhancement with maximum quantum yield of photophosphorylation, φ_ATP= 0.06, i.e. a quantum requirement of = 17 photons/ATP, is partly substituted by a rise in phosphate potential and explained in terms of a voltage-regulated gating effect on the H⁺-driven ATP-synthase, superimposed on the chemiosmotic mechanism of energy coupling. The blue-absorbing photochromic intermediate, M-412 of bacteriorhodopsin, dissipates light energy upon photoexcitation that is reflected by a spectral decline in quantum yield of photophosphorylation to a minimum value of = 0.01 at 415 nm, i.e. a quantum requirement of = 100 photons/ATP.     

Erweiterung von Linearfunktionen in linearen Räumen

Ohne Zusammenfassung