The effect of the double bond pyramidalization on the mode of the bromination reaction: bromination of benzobicyclononadiene

The bromination of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5,9-ethenobenzo[a][7]annulene yielded regio- and stereospecifically formed dibromides arising from the alkyl shift where the bromine exclusively attacks the double bond from the endo face of the double bond. DFT calculations on model compounds showed that the pyramidalization of the double bond and steric repulsion caused by the methylene protons are responsible for the stereo- and regioselective addition of bromine.     

Micellar effect on the sensitivity of spectrophotometric Mo(VI) determination based on the formation of gallic acid complex providing evidence for the polyoxoanion structure of molybdate ions

In this study effects of anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and nonionic (Triton X-100, TX100) micelles on the sensitivity of spectrophotometric molybdenum(VI) (Mo) determination based on the formation of a binary complex with gallic acid (GA) were investigated.

Micellar CTAB was found to enhance the formation of Mo–GA complex. SDS micelles exerted an inhibitory effect while TX100 micelles had no effect on the complex formation. By the optimization of experimental conditions, the determination limit of the method suggested in the literature was lowered from 5.2 × 10⁻⁵ to 4.6 × 10⁻⁶ and to 5.7 × 10⁻⁷ M, in the absence and presence of CTAB, respectively.

The mechanism of the effect of CTAB was investigated by spectrophotometric titrations and it was concluded that CTAB did not form a ternary complex with Mo and GA. The stoichiometry of the complex, deduced from the results of spectrophotometric titrations, provided evidence for the formation of para-Mo₇O₄⁶⁻ polyanions at pH 4.5, indicating to the formation of a charge transfer complex between these ions and GA in micellar medium.     

Spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acid by the modified CUPRAC method with extractive separation of flavonoids-La(III) complexes

The proposed method for ascorbic acid: AA (Vitamin C) determination is based on the oxidation of AA to dehydroascorbic acid with the CUPRAC reagent of total antioxidant capacity assay, i.e., Cu(II)-neocuproine (Nc), in ammonium acetate-containing medium at pH 7, where the absorbance of the formed bis(Nc)-copper(I) chelate is measured at 450 nm. The flavonoids (essentially flavones and flavonols) normally interfering with the CUPRAC procedure were separated with preliminary extraction as their La(III) chelates into ethylacetate (EtAc). The Cu(I)-Nc chelate responsible for color development was formed immediately with AA oxidation. Beer's law was obeyed between 8.0 × 10⁻⁶ and 8.0 × 10⁻⁵ M concentration range, with the equation of the linear calibration curve: A_450 nm = 1.60 × 10⁴C (mol dm⁻³) − 0.0596. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) in the analysis of N = 45 synthetic mixtures containing 1.25 × 10⁻² mM AA with flavonoids was 5.3%. The Cu(II)-Nc reagent is a lower redox-potential and therefore more selective oxidant than the Fe(III)-1,10-phenanthroline reagent conventionally used for the same assay. This feature makes the proposed method superior for real samples such as fruit juices containing weak reductants such as citrate, oxalate and tartarate that may otherwise produce positive errors in the Fe(III)-phen method when equilibrium is achieved. The developed method was applied to some commercial fruit juices and pharmaceutical preparations containing Vitamin C + bioflavonoids. The findings of the developed method for fruit juices and pharmaceuticals were statistically alike with those of HPLC. The proposed spectrophotometric method was practical, low-cost, rapid, and could reliably assay AA in the presence of flavonoids without enzymatic procedures open to interferences by enzyme inhibitors.     

Low temperature synthesis and characterization of Mn3O4 nanoparticles

Heating hydrous manganese (II) hydroxide gel at 85 °C for 12 hours produces Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles. They were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The particle size estimated from the SEM and X-ray peak broadening is approximately 32 nm, showing them to be nanocrystalline. EPR measurements confirm a typical Mn²⁺signal with a highly resolved hyperfine structure.      

A theoretical study on 1-(thiophen-2-yl-methyl)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole

The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of 1-(thiophen-2-yl-methyl)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole (C(16)H(12)N(2)S(2)) in the ground state has been calculated using the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional method (B3LYP) with 6-31G(d) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by using HF and DFT (B3LYP) show the best agreement with the experimental data. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of 1-(thiophen-2-yl-methyl)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole (C(16)H(12)N(2)S(2)) and calculated results by density functional B3LYP and Hartree-Fock methods indicate that B3LYP is superior to the scaled Hartree-Fock approach for molecular vibrational problems.     

KALMAN-FILTER-BASED OBSERVER DESIGN AROUND OPTIMAL CONTROL POLICY FOR GAS PIPELINES

Seeking the optimal operating policy by an off-line controller for pipelines carrying natural gas has an inherent state estimation problem associated with deviations from demand forecast. This paper presents a Kalman-filter-based observer for the real-time estimation of deviations from the states previously obtained by an off-line controller optimally, around an expected demand function. The observer is based on the linearized form of the non-linear partial differential equations which are the state space representation of isothermal and unidirectional gas flow through a pipeline. Data for the observer are produced by a dynamic simulator. The simulator and linearized observer equations are solved using an implicit finite element method. The observer has been tested on a pipeline subject to certain deviations from demand forecast. It converge s in a short span of time. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备K-Co-Mo催化剂的结构及其合成低碳醇性能研究──焙烧温度的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备 Ｃｏ Ｍｏ Ｏ４ 催化剂, 经 Ｋ 助化后分别在空气中于４００～８００ ℃下进行焙烧, 得到氧化态样品, 然后经硫化制得硫化态 Ｋ Ｃｏ Ｍｏ 催化剂, 对氧化态样品的乙醇分解性能及硫化态样品的 Ｃ Ｏ 加氢合成低碳醇的反应性能进行了测试． 运用 Ｘ 射线衍射（ Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ ）和扩展 Ｘ光吸收精细结构（ Ｅ Ｘ Ａ Ｆ Ｓ ）对样品进行结构表征． 乙醇分解性能测试表明, 催化剂的表面酸性较弱, 且随着焙烧温度的升高变化不大． 合成醇性能测试结果则显示, 催化剂的焙烧温度升高后,其合成醇的产率逐步降低, 但醇选择性基本不变． 经 ４００ ℃焙烧的样品, 具有最好的催化活性．结构分析结果表明, 氧化态样品中存在多种 Ｋ Ｍ ｏ Ｏ 物种, 且随着焙烧温度的提高, 钾钼之间作用增强, 样品更难以被完全硫化．