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61.
Chambers C Smith F Williams C Marcos S Liu ZH Hayter P Ciaramella G Keighley W Gribbon P Sewing A 《Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening》2003,6(4):355-362
The measurement of intracellular calcium fluxes in real time is widely applied within the pharmaceutical industry to measure the activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRhyp;s), either for pharmacological characterisation or to screen for new surrogate ligands. Initially restricted to G(q) coupled GPCRs, the introduction of promiscuous and chimeric G-proteins has further widened the application of these assays. The development of new calcium sensitive dyes and assays has provided sensitive, homogeneous assays which can be readily applied to high throughput screening (HTS). In this paper we describe the full automation of this assay type using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR ) integrated into a Beckman/Sagian system to establish a simple robotic system that is well suited for the current medium throughput screening in this area of lead discovery. Using a recently completed HTS we discuss important determinants for FLIPR based screening, highlight some limitations of the current approach, and look at the requirements for future automated systems capable of keeping up with expanding compound files. 相似文献
62.
Bischelate platinum(II) complexes of the type [Pt(H-R(2)-N(2)C(2)S(2))(2)] (H-R(2)-N(2)C(2)S(2)(-) = dialkyl-dithioxamidate) are ditopic receptors which, after coordination of the first Pd(eta(3)-allyl)(+) moiety, induce the orientation of the second palladium-allyl fragment. Thus, a series of trimetallic complexes of formula bis-[(eta(3)-allyl)-palladium(II)](mu-bis-dialkyl-dithioxamidate-platinum(II) kappa-S,S-kappa-S',S'-Pt-kappa-N,N-Pd-kappa-N',N'-Pd') has been prepared in which the allyl fragments are oriented toward the same side of the molecular plane. We have also prepared the trimetallic complex using a dithioxamide obtained from the racemic phenylethylamine. Only two isomers were produced in equimolar ratio: the racemate that has four homochiral alkyl substituents and the mesoform containing the meso-dithioxamide that has homochiral substituents on the same side of molecular plane. Under the effect of the temperature, the trimetallic Pd-Pt-Pd complexes undergo rapid allyl isomerization; the mechanism of the isomerization, which is similar to that found by us in an analogue Pt-Pd bimetallic complex, is discussed. The crystal and molecular structure of bis-[(eta(3)-allyl)-palladium(II)](mu-bis-[S]-phenylethyl-dithioxamidate-platinum(II) kappa-S,S-kappa-S',S'-Pt-kappa-N,N-Pd-kappa-N',N'-Pd') has been reported. 相似文献
63.
The passive transport processes in plants of22Na+,137Cs+,45Ca2+,65Zn2+,59Fe3+ and32PO
4
3−
ions and the plant-protecting agent “Saphidon (14C)” were studied by a radioabsorption method. The parameters of the passive transport processes of212Pb2+, borate and tetraborate ions in plants were measured by quantitative microradiographic methods, using photoemulsion and solid
state nuclear track detectors. Ion diffusion concentration profiles within the plants were determined at various diffusion
times and temperatures. The equation of linear diffusion combined with convection was used to determine the diffusion coefficients
characteristic of the transport processes. 相似文献
64.
Giovanni Sorba Giuseppe Ermondi Roberta Fruttero Ubaldina Galli Alberto Gasco 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1996,33(2):327-334
The use of benzenesulfonyl substituted furoxans as flexible intermediates for the synthesis of new functionalized furoxans interesting for their potential biological properties is discussed. Reaction of benzenesul-fonylphenylsulfonylfuroxan isomers 7a and 7b with ethanol and ethanethiol in basic medium affords the expected ethers and sulphides respectively. Reaction of bis(benzenesulfonyl)furoxan ( 1 ) with ethanol in basic medium gives 3-benzenesulfonyl-4-ethoxyfuroxan ( 2 ) or diethoxyfuroxan (3), according to the experimental procedure. In contrast the reaction of 1 with ethanethiol gives a mixture of substitution compounds and the 4-benzenesulfonyl-3-ethylthiofurazan ( 11 ). The structure of the compounds has been assigned by nmr spectroscopy and, in the case of 3-benzenesulfonyl-4-ethylthiofuroxan ( 9b ), confirmed by X-ray analysis. 相似文献
65.
Capozzi G Delogu G Fabbri D Marini M Menichetti S Nativi C 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(7):2019-2026
Sulfenylation of 6,6'-dimethoxy-2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl, used as a racemic mixture and single enantiomers, by phthalimidesulfenyl chloride afforded the corresponding 3,3'-N,N'-dithiophthalimide with complete regioselectivity. Simple manipulations of the latter compound allowed access to the corresponding bis-thiol or o-thioquinone as useful intermediates for the synthesis of new sulfur-containing open-chain and macrocyclic C(2) enantiopure ligands. The application of this methodology to the preparation of a biphenyl bearing two cysteine units as potential HIV-1 protease inhibitor is also described. 相似文献
66.
Graziano G 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2005,109(2):981-985
Experimental data for the solvation of water in nonpolar organic solvents indicate that the process is spontaneous under the Ben-Naim standard conditions, due to a large and negative enthalpy change. The process is analyzed by considering that the solvation Gibbs energy change is given by the sum of two opposing terms: the work to create a suitable cavity and the work to turn on the attractive solute-solvent interactions. Basic calculations point out unequivocally that, beyond the van der Waals contributions, additional favorable interactions occur between water and the surrounding solvent molecules. These additional favorable interactions should be nontraditional hydrogen bonds such as those between the delocalized pi-electron cloud of the aromatic ring and the hydrogen atoms of water, and those between the CH groups of both aliphatics and aromatics and the oxygen atom of water. 相似文献
67.
Csiktusnádi Kiss G Forgács E Cserháti T Vizcaino JA 《Journal of chromatography. A》2000,896(1-2):61-68
The colour pigments of Trichoderma harzianum fermentation broth were separated and the main fractions were tentatively identified by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RP-TLC-FT-IR), RP-HPLC-diode array detection and RP-HPLC-MS. It was established that the multistep gradient elution developed for RP-TLC separation of pigments can be successfully used as a pilot method for the rational design of gradient elution in RP-HPLC for the separation of the same pigments. FT-IR and MS measurements were unable to identify the exact chemical structures of the main pigment fractions, the presence of OH, =CH and C=O (RP-TLC-FT-IR) and OH and NH, substructures (RP-HPLC-MS) was confirmed. It was assumed that the main pigment fractions are oxidation polymers originating from monomer molecules containing polar substructures and double bonds in the alkyl chain which are liable for oxidation during the aerobic fermentation process. 相似文献
68.
Renato Noto Giuseppe Werber Francesco Buccheri Caterina Arnone 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1987,24(5):1457-1459
The dissociation constants (K1) of both acids 4a-c and esters 5a-c and the rate constants of the decarboxylation reaction of acids 4a-c have been measured at various high concentrations of hydrochloric acid (0.5-8.0 M range). The results obtained have enabled us to suggest the probable structure of the zwitterion which undergoes decarboxylation. 相似文献
69.
L. Turrio-Baldassarri A. Carere A. di Domenico S. Fuselli N. Iacovella F. Rodriguez 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1994,348(1-2):144-147
Summary The isomer specific determination of PCDD, PCDF and PCB was carried out on samples of air and inhalable particulate from Rome. Samples were taken daily for six months and pooled to yield two samples per month. Normal PCDD+PCDF concentrations expressed in TEQ ranged from 48 to 87 fg/m3, while total PCB ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 ng/m3. The 2, 3, 7, 8-substituted PCDD and PCDF congener pattern is shown together with the PCB congener pattern. 相似文献
70.
Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was investigated as a mild, harmless and odorless reagent for pyrolytic methylation of fatty acids. Soybean oil was selected as test material for its high content of (poly)unsaturated fatty acids. Pyrolyses were performed at 500, 700 and 900 degrees C by means of a heated platinum filament pyrolyser on-line and off-line to the GC-MS apparatus. Methyl esters of palmitic, linoleic, oleic and stearic acid were formed as prominent products from off-line pyrolysis of soybean oil in the presence of DMC and zeolite 13X. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were not observed at important levels in the absence of zeolite, while on-line Py-GC-MS experiments resulted principally in the formation of free fatty acids and hydrocarbons. The FAME profiles obtained from the DMC/zeolite off-line pyrolysis were compared to those resulting from tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis and BF3-methanol procedure. The observed differences between pyrolysis and methanolysis methods were principally attributed to the thermal degradation of unsaturated fatty acids. The effectiveness of the DMC/zeolite pyrolytic methylation was further demonstrated by the analysis of tripalmitine and soybean seeds. 相似文献