Diselenadiphosphetandiselenide und Triselenadiphospholandiselenide – Synthese und Charakterisierung mittels 31P‐ und 77Se‐Festkörper‐NMRSpektroskopie

Diselenadiphosphetane Diselenides and Triselenadiphospholane Diselenides – Synthesis and Characterization by ³¹P and ⁷⁷Se Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy 1,3‐Diselena‐2,4‐diphosphetane‐2,4‐diselenides (RPSe₂)₂ with R = Me, Et, t‐Bu, Ph, 4‐Me₂NC₆H₄, 4‐MeOC₆H₄ have been synthesized by different methods. The insoluble compounds were investigated by ³¹P and ⁷⁷Se solid‐state NMR and the purity of the compounds has been checked by their CP MAS sideband NMR spectra. The structure of the investigated compounds has been confirmed by the isotropic and anisotropic values of the chemical shifts and the ¹J_P–Se coupling constants. In addition, two new 1,2,4‐triselena‐3,5‐diphospholane‐3,5‐diselenides, (RPSe₂)₂Se (R = Me, Et), formed under similar synthesis conditions, were investigated. Their structure was derived from the ⁷⁷Se satellites of ³¹P solution spectra and from solid‐state spectra. For (t‐BuPSe₂)₂ the experimentally obtained principal values of phosphorus and selenium shielding tensors are compared with values from IGLO calculations (HF und SOS DFPT). The calculated orientations of the principal axes are discussed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol by Differential Alternative Pulses Voltammetry

The second order voltammetric technique of high resolution, Differential Alternative Pulses Voltammetry (DAPV), was applied for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC) on bare spectroscopic graphite electrode. Well resolved anodic and cathodic peaks situated on both sides of the zero line were obtained, while the differential pulse voltammograms were overlapped. The linear concentration range for HQ and CC quantification by DAPV was extended up to 20 μmol L⁻¹ for both the isomers. The sensitivity of the determination was found to be 6.00 μA L μmol⁻¹ and 3.61 μA L μmol⁻¹, while the limit of detection reached was 0.2 μmol L⁻¹ and 0.5 μmol L⁻¹ for HQ and CC, respectively. No interference was observed from the commonly coexisting organic species such as resorcinol, phenol and p‐benzoquinone. The great resolution power of DAPV permitted obtaining excellent results without any electrode modification and any mathematical data processing.     

Spatially resolved NMR in polymer science

Selected applications of spatially resolved NMR are presented, which demonstrate the use of the method for investigating applied topics relevant to polymer and materials science. Examples are given for imaging of rigid, soft, and fluid matter. They include characterization and interpretation of electrical aging in poly(ethylene), cross-link density at the interface of covulcanized elastomer sheets, and cross-filtration in hollow-fiber filter modules. A novel NMR detector, the NMR-MOUSE, has been developed for process and quality control by relaxation measurements. Its use for non-destructive determination of the glass-transition temperature by room temperature measurements on elastomer samples is demonstrated.     

Application of High Temperature High Resolution Gas Chromatography to Crude Extracts of Propolis

The underivatized acetone and hexane fractions from propolis samples (predominant flora Citrus spp. and Vernonia polyanthes) were analyzed by HT-HRGC (high temperature high resolution gas chromatography) and HT-HRGC coupled to mass spectrometry (HT-HRGC-MS). Several compounds, including flavonoid aglycones, phenolic acids, and high molecular weight compounds were characterized in crude extracts by HT-HRGC-MS. HT-HRGC and HT-HRGC-MS were shown to be quick and informative tools for rapid analysis of crude extracts without need for prior derivatization and purification.     

Systematic Experimental Study on Quantum Sieving of Hydrogen Isotopes in Metal-Amide-Imidazolate Frameworks with narrow 1-D Channels

Quantum sieving of hydrogen isotopes is experimentally studied in isostructural hexagonal metal-organic frameworks having 1-D channels, named IFP-1, −3, −4 and −7. Inside the channels, different molecules or atoms restrict the channel diameter periodically with apertures larger (4.2 Å for IFP-1, 3.1 Å for IFP-3) and smaller (2.1 Å for IFP-7, 1.7 Å for IFP-4) than the kinetic diameter of hydrogen isotopes. From a geometrical point of view, no gas should penetrate into IFP-7 and IFP-4, but due to the thermally induced flexibility, so-called gate-opening effect of the apertures, penetration becomes possible with increasing temperature. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) measurements with pure H₂ or D₂ have been applied to study isotope adsorption. Further TDS experiments after exposure to an equimolar H₂/D₂ mixture allow to determine directly the selectivity of isotope separation by quantum sieving. IFP-7 shows a very low selectivity not higher than S=2. The selectivity of the materials with the smallest pore aperture IFP-4 has a constant value of S≈2 for different exposure times and pressures, which can be explained by the 1-D channel structure. Due to the relatively small cavities between the apertures of IFP-4 and IFP-7, molecules in the channels cannot pass each other, which leads to a single-file filling. Therefore, no time dependence is observed, since the quantum sieving effect occurs only at the outermost pore aperture, resulting in a low separation selectivity.     

Fractionated crystallization in blends of functionalized poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and polyamide

Blends of poly(tetrafluoroethylene)/polyamide (PTFE/PA) were prepared to combine the good processing properties of PA with the excellent sliding properties of PTFE. For the compatibilizing of the immiscible components the chemical reaction of functional groups of modified PTFE (micro powder produced by electron irradiation in air) and polar PA during a reactive extrusion process was used. The parameter influencing the efficiency of the in‐situ reaction between both components were varied. The crystallization and melting behaviour of the different blends was investigated by DSC. In dependence on the degree of compatibilization the phenomenon of fractionated crystallization of the dispersed PTFE component was observed. In this way a qualitative characterization of the dispersity of PTFE in dependence on the functionality of the components and the processing conditions is possible, and therefore an estimation of the efficiency of the in‐situ reaction.