ZnO Nanoparticles of Rubia cordifolia Extract Formulation Developed and Optimized with QbD Application,Considering Ex Vivo Skin Permeation,Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties

The objective of the current research is to develop ZnO-Manjistha extract (ZnO-MJE) nanoparticles (NPs) and to investigate their transdermal delivery as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The optimized formulation was further evaluated based on different parameters. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were prepared by mixing 10 mM ZnSO₄·7H₂O and 0.8% w/v NaOH in distilled water. To the above, a solution of 10 mL MJE (10 mg) in 50 mL of zinc sulfate was added. Box–Behnken design (Design-Expert software 12.0.1.0) was used for the optimization of ZnO-MJE-NP formulations. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were evaluated for their physicochemical characterization, in vitro release activity, ex vivo permeation across rat skin, antimicrobial activity using sterilized agar media, and antioxidant activity by the DPPH free radical method. The optimized ZnO-MJE-NP formulation (F13) showed a particle size of 257.1 ± 0.76 nm, PDI value of 0.289 ± 0.003, and entrapment efficiency of 79 ± 0.33%. Drug release kinetic models showed that the formulation followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with a drug release of 34.50 ± 2.56 at pH 7.4 in 24 h. In ex vivo studies ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt permeation was 63.26%. The antibacterial activity was found to be enhanced in ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt and antioxidant activity was found to be highest (93.14 ± 4.05%) at 100 µg/mL concentrations. The ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt formulation showed prolonged release of the MJE and intensified permeation. Moreover, the formulation was found to show significantly (p < 0.05) better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity as compared to conventional suspension formulations.     

An Exceptional Set in the Ergodic Theory of Markov Maps of the Interval

It is known that a Markov map T of the unit interval preservesa measure µ, say, equivalent to Lebesgue measure, andthat almost every point of the interval has a forward orbitunder T that is uniformly distributed with respect to µ.In the opposite direction the main result of this paper statesthat there is a set of points having Hausdorff dimension 1 whoseforward orbits are in a certain sense very far from being sodistributed. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 58F08,28A80.     

Form factors and branching ratio for the B→lνγ decay

Form factors parameterizing radiative leptonic decays of heavy mesons (B⁺→γl⁺ν_l) against photon energy are computed in the language of dispersion relations. The states contributing to the absorptive part in the dispersion relation are the multiparticle continuum, estimated by the quark triangle graph, and resonances with quantum numbers 1^- and 1⁺, which includes B^* and B_A ^* and their radial excitations, which model the higher state contributions. Constraints provided by the asymptotic behavior of the structure dependent amplitude, Ward identities and gauge invariance are used to provide useful information for the parameters needed. The couplings g_BB*γ and f_BBA*γ are predicted as we restrict ourselves to the first radial excitation; otherwise using these as an input the radiative decay coupling constants for the radial excitations are predicted. The value of the branching ratio for the process B⁺→γμ⁺ν_μ is found to be in the range 0.5×10^-6. A detailed comparison is given with other approaches.     

Fluoro derivatives of bis­(salicyl­idene­aminato-N,O)copper(II) and -oxovan­adium(IV)

The structures of five complexes of fluorine-containing bidentate salicyl­idene­amine Schiff base ligands are reported. These are the bis-ligand copper(II) complexes of the Schiff bases derived from salicyl­aldehyde and 4-fluoro-, [Cu(C₁₃H₉FNO)₂], 3-fluoro-4-methyl-, [Cu(C₁₄H₁₁FNO)₂], 3,5-bis­(tri­fluoro­methyl)-, [Cu(C₁₅H₈F₆NO)₂], and 4-tri­fluoro­methoxy­anilines, [Cu(C₁₄H₉F₃NO₂)₂], and the bis-ligand oxovanadium(IV) complex of the Schiff base derived from salicyl­aldehyde and 4-tri­fluoro­methoxy­aniline, [VO(C₁₄H₉­F₃NO₂)₂]. Three of the copper complexes have square-planar coordination at the metal, imposed by the virtue of symmetry, but the immediate coordination environment of the copper in the 3,5-bis(tri­fluoro­methyl) complex is intermediate between square planar and tetrahedral. The coordination environment at the metal of the vanadium complex can be described as distorted square pyramidal.     

Transverse Momentum Distributions of Charged Hadrons Produced in He12C Collisions at 4.2A GeV/c

Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters - We study the trend of transverse momentum (pT) and maximum transverse momentum (pTmax) distributions of pions and protons in He12C-interactions at 4.2A...