全文获取类型
收费全文 | 701篇 |
免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 414篇 |
晶体学 | 1篇 |
力学 | 30篇 |
数学 | 97篇 |
物理学 | 180篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 21篇 |
2019年 | 25篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 17篇 |
2016年 | 27篇 |
2015年 | 26篇 |
2014年 | 11篇 |
2013年 | 26篇 |
2012年 | 39篇 |
2011年 | 42篇 |
2010年 | 20篇 |
2009年 | 22篇 |
2008年 | 31篇 |
2007年 | 42篇 |
2006年 | 35篇 |
2005年 | 26篇 |
2004年 | 24篇 |
2003年 | 17篇 |
2002年 | 12篇 |
2001年 | 11篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 7篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1956年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 4篇 |
1909年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有722条查询结果,搜索用时 10 毫秒
61.
G. Cristoforetti A. De Giacomo M. Dell'Aglio S. Legnaioli E. Tognoni V. Palleschi N. Omenetto 《Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy》2010
In the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique, the existence of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) is the essential requisite for meaningful application of theoretical Boltzmann–Maxwell and Saha–Eggert expressions that relate fundamental plasma parameters and concentration of analyte species. The most popular criterion reported in the literature dealing with plasma diagnostics, and usually invoked as a proof of the existence of LTE in the plasma, is the McWhirter criterion [R.W.P. McWhirter, in: Eds. R.H. Huddlestone, S.L. Leonard, Plasma Diagnostic Techniques, Academic Press, New York, 1965, pp. 201–264]. However, as pointed out in several papers, this criterion is known to be a necessary but not a sufficient condition to insure LTE. The considerations reported here are meant to briefly review the theoretical analysis underlying the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium and the derivation of the McWhirter criterion, and to critically discuss its application to a transient and non-homogeneous plasma, like that created by a laser pulse on solid targets. Specific examples are given of theoretical expressions involving relaxation times and diffusion coefficients, as well as a discussion of different experimental approaches involving space and time-resolved measurements that could be used to complement a positive result of the calculation of the minimum electron number density required for LTE using the McWhirter formula. It is argued that these approaches will allow a more complete assessment of the existence of LTE and therefore permit a better quantitative result. It is suggested that the mere use of the McWhirter criterion to assess the existence of LTE in laser-induced plasmas should be discontinued. 相似文献
62.
M. Campostrini A. Di Giacomo Ŝ. Olejník 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1986,31(4):577-582
We compute the effect of the gluon condensate on the spectra of heavy quarkonia, taking into account the condensate correlation length. We compare the results obtained for the hydrogen-like model with a more realistic model. The effects are shown to be very small both in bottomonium and toponium. 相似文献
63.
64.
A. De Giacomo M. Dell’Aglio O. De Pascale 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2004,79(4-6):1035-1038
In this paper the flexibility of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been proved for the analysis of water solutions. The plasma is generated directly in the bulk of a water solution by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064). The emission signal of four different solutions has been studied: AlCl3, NaCl, CaCO3 and LiF. The basic mechanisms influencing the emission signal and the experimental tricks for the optimization of the detection mode have been pointed out. PACS 52.70.Kz; 52.80.Wq; 39.30.+p 相似文献
65.
We show that local and semilocal strings in Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories with critical couplings always reconnect classically in collision, by using moduli space approximation. The moduli matrix formalism explicitly identifies a well-defined set of the vortex moduli parameters. Our analysis of generic geodesic motion in terms of those shows right-angle scattering in head-on collision of two vortices, which is known to give the reconnection of the strings. 相似文献
66.
Some small scientific satellites can be regarded as free, multi-body, supercritical and statorless rotors. Classical rotordynamics does not cover the dynamic behaviour and the stability analysis of such rotating systems, being focused on fixed rotors. Attitude dynamics usually deals with single rigid spacecrafts, sometimes equipped with flexible appendices like solar arrays or antennas. The case of the Galileo Galilei Ground (GGG) test facility is herewith analyzed through a numerical and experimental investigation on the dynamic behaviour of a fixed multi-body fast-spinning rotor in order to validate the design approach proposed for Galileo Galilei (GG) spacecraft. 相似文献
67.
Muniz-Miranda M Del Rosso T Giorgetti E Margheri G Ghini G Cicchi S 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2011,400(2):361-367
We investigated the chemisorption of self-assembled monolayers of sulfur-functionalized 4-amino-7-nitrobenzofurazan on gold
and silver nanoisland films (NIFs) by means of surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
The ligand is a push–pull molecule, where an intramolecular charge transfer occurs between an electron-donor and an electron-acceptor
group, thus exhibiting nonlinear optical properties that are related to both SERS and SEF effects. The presence of different
heteroatoms in the molecule ensures the possibility of chemical interaction with both silver and gold substrates. The SERS
spectra suggest that furazan is bound to silver via lone pairs of the nitrogen atoms, whereas the ligand is linked to gold
via a sulfur atom. Silver NIFs provide more efficient enhancement of both fluorescence and Raman scattering in comparison
with gold NIFs. The present SEF and SERS investigation could provide useful information for foreseeing changes in the nonlinear
responses of this push–pull molecule. 相似文献
68.
We consider the problem of the existence of uniform interpolants in the modal logic K4. We first prove that all ${\square}$ -free formulas have uniform interpolants in this logic. In the general case, we shall prove that given a modal formula ${\phi}$ and a sublanguage L of the language of the formula, we can decide whether ${\phi}$ has a uniform interpolant with respect to L in K4. The ${\square}$ -free case is proved using a reduction to the G?del L?b Logic GL, while in the general case we prove that the question of whether a modal formula has uniform interpolants over transitive frames can be reduced to a decidable expressivity problem on the???-calculus. 相似文献
69.
Giacomo Lenzi 《Mathematical Logic Quarterly》2011,57(5):474-480
We introduce a quite natural Frege‐style set theory, which we call Strong‐Frege‐2 $(\mathsf {SF}_2)$, a sort of simplification of the theory considered in 13 (under the name Strong‐Frege‐3) and 1 (under the name F2). We give a model of a weaker variant of $\mathsf {SF}_2$, called $\mathsf {SF}_2\mathsf {AC}$, where atoms and coatoms are allowed. To construct the model we use an enumeration “almost without repetitions” of the Π11 sets of natural numbers; such an enumeration can be obtained via a classical priority argument much in the style of 5 and 15 . © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 相似文献
70.
Angela Cardelli Lucia Ricci Giacomo Ruggeri Silvia Borsacchi Marco Geppi 《European Polymer Journal》2011,(8):1589-1600
A micrometric silica modified with perylene derivative (SiO2–TES) has been prepared by hydrolysis–condensation reactions between silica and N,N’-bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-perylene-tetracarboxyldiimide (P-TES) and utilized as filler in LLDPE films together with a compatibilizer. Spectroscopic analyses on SiO2–TES confirmed the grafting of P-TES on silica, while its amount was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Solid state NMR provided information about the structure of silicon atoms involved in the condensation of SiO2 and P-TES that resulted mainly in silicon atoms grafted with bi-dentate anchorages.UV–Vis and fluorescence analyses carried out on P-TES showed the ability of the dye to generate J-type aggregates in apolar solvents. The same analyses on SiO2–TES revealed the presence of both isolated and aggregated dye molecules grafted on silica surface, while on polymeric dispersions of SiO2–TES, they have shown only the presence of P-TES aggregates grafted to silica.Thanks to the direct correlation between optical properties (obtained both by UV–Vis and by fluorescence analyses) and the chemical environment of composites, the luminescent silica SiO2–TES could be used to estimate the filler dispersion extent in different microcomposite polymer materials. 相似文献