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101.
Hans R. Kricheldorf Gert Schwarz Sigrid Bhme Claus‐Ludolf Schultz 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2003,41(7):890-904
Bisphenol A was polycondensed with diphosgene in a dichloromethane/aqueous NaOH system. Temperature, time, and molar ratios of the reactants were optimized according to a previously elaborated optimization of the hydrolytic polycondensation of bisphenol A bischloroformate. Five of the following catalysts were examined: triethylamine, 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), ethyldiisopropylamine (EDPA), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, and triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBA‐Cl). Triethylamine and DMAP accelerated the hydrolysis of diphosgene by formation of a hydrophilic acylammonium salt. Therefore, the molecular weights decreased with higher concentration of these tert‐amines. However, the molecular weights increased (weight‐average molecular weight up to 106) with higher concentrations of tetraalkylammonium salts because these catalysts favor chain growth in the organic phase via “naked” phenoxide ions without catalyzing the hydrolysis of diphosgene. EDPA gave poor results under all circumstances. Cyclic polycarbonates were discovered in all samples. Their fraction increased with the average molecular weight of the samples. When samples prepared with triethylamine or TEBA‐Cl were fractionated, cycles having molar masses up to 15,000 Da were detected by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 890–904, 2003 相似文献
102.
Determination of Soot Particle Size in a Premixed Flame: a Static and Dynamic Light Scattering Study
Gert Kroner Heribert Fuchs Reinhard Tatschl Otto Glatter 《Particle & Particle Systems Characterization》2003,20(2):111-123
In this contribution we report upon our static and dynamic light scattering experiments to characterize soot particles in flames. We studied sooting laminar premixed flame with acetylene as fuel mixed with air as oxidizer. The air equivalence ratio of the combustion was larger than one. We used a Kaskan type burner with circular geometry and a stabilizing flow of nitrogen around the flame. We focused on the determination of the size of the soot particles in the center of the flame as a function of height above burner. In addition we investigated the influence of the mixing ratio of the gases on the size of the particles. Our results show that static light scattering is better suited than dynamic light scattering for a fast and reliable characterization of soot particles in flames. The latter needs detailed a priori information about the flame to allow the unique determination of sizes from the diffusion measurements. The soot particles grow monotonously with height above burner and with decreasing air equivalence ratio. The aggregates have a fractal dimension lower than two. 相似文献
103.
In lattice QCD, the maximum entropy method can be used to reconstruct spectral functions from Euclidean correlators obtained in numerical simulations. We show that at finite temperature the most commonly used algorithm, employing Bryan's method, is inherently unstable at small energies and gives a modification that avoids this. We demonstrate this approach using the vector current-current correlator obtained in quenched QCD at finite temperature. Our first results indicate a small electrical conductivity above the deconfinement transition. 相似文献
104.
The fully nonlinear governing equations for spin-1/2 quantum plasmas are presented. Starting from the Pauli equation, the relevant plasma equations are derived, and it is shown that nontrivial quantum spin couplings arise, enabling studies of the combined collective and spin dynamics. The linear response of the quantum plasma in an electron-ion system is obtained and analyzed. Applications of the theory to solid state and astrophysical systems as well as dusty plasmas are pointed out. 相似文献
105.
Dr. Tobias W. Giessen Florian Altegoer Annika J. Nebel Roman M. Steinbach Dr. Gert Bange Prof. Dr. Mohamed A. Marahiel 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(8):2492-2496
The incorporation of non‐proteinogenic amino acids represents a major challenge for the creation of functionalized proteins. The ribosomal pathway is limited to the 20–22 proteinogenic amino acids while nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are able to select from hundreds of different monomers. Introduced herein is a fusion‐protein‐based design for synthetic tRNA‐aminoacylation catalysts based on combining NRPS adenylation domains and a small eukaryotic tRNA‐binding domain (Arc1p‐C). Using rational design, guided by structural insights and molecular modeling, the adenylation domain PheA was fused with Arc1p‐C using flexible linkers and achieved tRNA‐aminoacylation with both proteinogenic and non‐proteinogenic amino acids. The resulting aminoacyl‐tRNAs were functionally validated and the catalysts showed broad substrate specificity towards the acceptor tRNA. Our strategy shows how functional tRNA‐aminoacylation catalysts can be created for bridging the ribosomal and nonribosomal worlds. This opens up new avenues for the aminoacylation of tRNAs with functional non‐proteinogenic amino acids. 相似文献
106.
Gijs Schaftenaar Elias Vlieg Gert Vriend 《Journal of computer-aided molecular design》2017,31(9):789-800
Since the first distribution of Molden in 1995 and the publication of the first article about this software in 2000 work on Molden has continued relentlessly. A few of the many improved or fully novel features such as improved and broadened support for quantum chemistry calculations, preparation of ligands for use in drug design related softwares, and working with proteins for the purpose of ligand docking. 相似文献
107.
The difference in B-term diffusion between fully porous and porous-shell particles is investigated using the physically sound diffusion equations originating from the Effective Medium Theory (EMT). Experimental data of the B-term diffusion obtained via peak parking measurements on six different commercial particle types have been analyzed (3 porous and 3 non porous). All particles were investigated using the same experimental design and test analytes, over a very broad range of retention factor values. First, the B-term reducing effect of the solid core (inducing an additional obstruction compared to fully porous particles) has been quantified using the Hashin-Shtrikman expression, showing that the presence of a solid core can account for a reduction of about 11% when the core diameter makes up 63% of the total particle diameter (Halo and Poroshell-particles) and a reduction of 16% when the core diameter makes up 73% (Kinetex). Remaining differences can be attributed to differences in the microscopic structure of the meso-porous material (meso-pore diameter, internal porosity or relative void volume). The much lower B-term diffusion of Halo and Kinetex particles compared to the fully porous Acquity particles (some 20-40% difference, of which about 10-15% can be attributed to the presence of the solid core) can hence largely be attributed to the much smaller internal porosity and the smaller pore size of the meso-porous material making up the shell of these particles. 相似文献
108.
We present a simulation tool in order to predict gas permeation through heterogeneous, microphase separated structures. The method combines dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). Morphologies obtained from DPD are mapped onto a high density grid on which gas diffusion takes place. Required input parameters for the KMC calculations are the gas solubility and gas diffusion constant within each of the pure phase components. Our method was tested and validated for permeation of H(2), O(2), and N(2) gasses through hydrated Nafion membranes at various temperatures and water contents. We predict that membranes that contain an equal volume fraction of water, those with the highest ion exchange capacity exhibit the largest N(2) and O(2) permeation rates. For membranes of the same ion exchange capacity the H(2), O(2), and N(2) and permeability increases approximately linearly with Bragg spacing. We also predict that O(2) gas permeation depends much more on bottleneck phenomena within the phase separated morphologies than H(2) gas permeation. Overall, the calculated H(2) and O(2) permeability is found to be slightly lower than experimental values. This is attributed to the robustness of DPD resulting in ~7% larger Bragg spacing as compared with experiment and∕or increased gas solubility within the polymer phase with water uptake. 相似文献
109.
Barkleit A Geipel G Acker M Taut S Bernhard G 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2011,78(1):549-552
For the first time Am(III) complexation with a small organic ligand could be identified and characterized with time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) at room temperature and trace metal concentration. With pyromellitic acid (1,2,4,5-benzene-tetracarboxylic acid, BTC) as ligand spectroscopic characteristics for the Am-BTC complex system were determined at pH 5.0, an ionic strength of 0.1 M (NaClO4) and room temperature. The fluorescence lifetimes were determined to be 23.2±2.2 ns for Am3+(aq) and 27.2±1.2 ns for the Am-BTC 1:1 complex; the emission maximum for the 5D1-(7)F1 transition is 691 nm for both species. The complex stability constant for the Am-BTC 1:1 complex was calculated to be logβ110=5.42±0.16. 相似文献
110.
Thomas P J Linsinger Alexander Bernreuther Philippe Corbisier Marta Dabrio Håkan Emteborg Andrea Held Andrée Lamberty Gaida Lapitajs Marina Ricci Gert Roebben Stefanie Trapmann Franz Ulberth Hendrik Emons 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2007,12(3-4):167-174
The potential approaches for third-party assessment of reference material producers are revisited and the activities of the
Reference Materials (RM) Unit of the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) to obtain accreditation to
ISO Guide 34 and ISO 17025 are described. Accreditation was related to the Unit as all matrix RM activities of the institute
are concentrated there. A management system was established that allows sufficient flexibility to be applicable to a wide
range of RMs while being precise enough to ensure compliance with ISO Guides 30, 31 and especially 34 and 35. Accreditation
was achieved in 2004 with independent scopes for testing and RM production and was confirmed and extended in 2005. The key
aspects of the RM Unit's management system for RM production are presented.
Presented at BERM-10, April 2006, Charleston, SC, USA 相似文献