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91.
Ina Vollmer Michael J. F. Jenks Mark C. P. Roelands Robin J. White Toon van Harmelen Paul de Wild Gerard P. van der Laan Florian Meirer Jos T. F. Keurentjes Bert M. Weckhuysen 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(36):15402-15423
Increasing the stream of recycled plastic necessitates an approach beyond the traditional recycling via melting and re‐extrusion. Various chemical recycling processes have great potential to enhance recycling rates. In this Review, a summary of the various chemical recycling routes and assessment via life‐cycle analysis is complemented by an extensive list of processes developed by companies active in chemical recycling. We show that each of the currently available processes is applicable for specific plastic waste streams. Thus, only a combination of different technologies can address the plastic waste problem. Research should focus on more realistic, more contaminated and mixed waste streams, while collection and sorting infrastructure will need to be improved, that is, by stricter regulation. This Review aims to inspire both science and innovation for the production of higher value and quality products from plastic recycling suitable for reuse or valorization to create the necessary economic and environmental push for a circular economy. 相似文献
92.
Carla Kirschbaum Essa M. Saied Kim Greis Eike Mucha Sandy Gewinner Wieland Schllkopf Gerard Meijer Gert von Helden Berwyck L. J. Poad Stephen J. Blanksby Christoph Arenz Kevin Pagel 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(32):13638-13642
1‐Deoxysphingolipids are a recently described class of sphingolipids that have been shown to be associated with several disease states including diabetic and hereditary neuropathy. The identification and characterization of 1‐deoxysphingolipids and their metabolites is therefore highly important. However, exact structure determination requires a combination of sophisticated analytical techniques due to the presence of various isomers, such as ketone/alkenol isomers, carbon–carbon double‐bond (C=C) isomers and hydroxylation regioisomers. Here we demonstrate that cryogenic gas‐phase infrared (IR) spectroscopy of ionized 1‐deoxysphingolipids enables the identification and differentiation of isomers by their unique spectroscopic fingerprints. In particular, C=C bond positions and stereochemical configurations can be distinguished by specific interactions between the charged amine and the double bond. The results demonstrate the power of gas‐phase IR spectroscopy to overcome the challenge of isomer resolution in conventional mass spectrometry and pave the way for deeper analysis of the lipidome. 相似文献
93.
The differences between the molecular structures of the PCP-pincer complex [RuCl{C6H3(CH2P(C6H5)2)2-2,6}(PPh3)] ([RuCl(PCPH)(PPh3)], 1) and its tetrakis-pentafluorophenyl substituted analogue [RuCl{C6H3(CH2P(C6F5)2)2-2,6}(PPh3)] ([RuCl(PCPF20)(PPh3)], 2) have been rationalised by performing calculations on the cations [Ru(PCPH)(PPh3)]+ (1cat) and [Ru(PCPF20)(PPh3)]+ (2cat). The molecular interactions between the chloride ligand and the axial rings, as found in 1 and 2, respectively, have been studied computationally in the model systems [(C6X5PH2)2Cl−] (X = H, F). The calculations on 2cat show that in 2 it is most likely the attractive electrostatic interaction between the chloride ligand and the fluorinated phenyl rings that forces the Cipso atom to occupy an axial position rather than an equatorial one in the observed (X-ray of 2) square pyramidal arrangement. In 1, however, repulsive steric hindrance forces the PPh3 ligand to take the apical position. The applicability of the TD-DFT method for the calculation of the electronic spectra of the PCP-pincer compounds 1 and 2 has been tested. The results indicate that the excitation energies calculated for both complexes are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental absorption maxima. However, for 1, all the calculated transition energies are underestimated. 相似文献
94.
Annealing shows very different behaviour for Te crystallites in an amorphous GexTe1?x matrix as a function of x (x = 0.1 … 0.5). For x ? 0.2, annealing at increasing temperatures increases the number (size) of the Te crystallites with subsequent GeTe + Te crystallization. However for x ? 0.3 there is first a disappearance of Te crystallites, then an appearance of GeTe crystallites, and subsequently GeTe + Te crystallization. Crystallites of either Te or GeTe act as extrinsic defects which add to the intrinsic ones. Activatioon energy decreases (increases) and conductance increases (decreases) as the number of defects increases (decreases). In all cases the final metallic state is obtained only when both GeTe and Te crystallites are present. 相似文献
95.
Carlos A. Martinez Eric Keller Renzo Meijer Gerard Metselaar Gerlof Kruithof Curtis Moore Pei-Pei Kung 《Tetrahedron: Asymmetry》2010,21(19):2408-2412
An efficient four-step biotransformation-mediated synthesis of (1S)-1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethanol in enantiomerically pure form is described. This compound is a key intermediate required for the preparation of PF-2341066, a potent inhibitor of c-Met/ALK that is currently in clinical development. The described synthesis was used to manufacture 6 kg of the title compound and can also be employed to produce the corresponding (1R)-enantiomer. 相似文献
96.
Venugopal Gandikota Gerard F. Jones Amy S. Fleischer 《Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science》2010,34(5):554-561
This study analyzes the use of a carbon fiber epoxy heat sink for evaporator surface enhancement in a FC-72 thermosyphon. The pin-fin heat sink features 945 small-cross-section (1.27 mm by 0.965 mm) fins fabricated with an integral base plate. These fins have a high thermal conductivity (500 W/m K) along the length of the fin. The influence of heat load, thermosyphon fill volume, and condenser operating temperature on the overall thermal performance is examined. The results of this experiment provide significant insight into the possible implementation and potential benefits of carbon-fiber heat sink technology in two-phase flow leading to significant improvements in thermal management strategies for advanced electronics. 相似文献
97.
Julien Labaune J. Bianca Jackson Kaori Fukunaga Jeffrey White Laura d’Alessandro Alison Whyte Michel Menu Gerard Mourou 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2011,105(1):5-9
Terahertz Time Domain Imaging has been used in the last few years for the investigation of cultural heritage. In this article,
the authors demonstrate the possibility to apply it for the investigation of clay artifacts. Tomographic images were obtained
of a model in reflection, and an Egyptian vessel in transmission. 相似文献
98.
Gerard van Doremaele Martin van Duin Maxence Valla Alexandra Berthoud 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2017,55(18):2877-2891
ARLANXEO Elastomers has developed and commercialized Keltan ACE™ technology, a class of half-sandwich cyclopentadienyl κ1-amidinate metal complexes, which are extremely active for the production of first-class ethylene/propylene/diene copolymers (EPDM). In this review, the development and some of the key features of the Keltan ACE™ catalyst system are presented. Many different ACE catalysts have been synthesized over the past years, including bridged and bimetallic catalysts. With Keltan ACE™, a complete range of EPDM products with similar polymer characteristics as their Ziegler–Natta (ZN) counterparts can be produced, including variations containing very high 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) contents, controlled long chain branching, very high molecular weight, as well as oil-extended products. Moreover, other EPDM structures can be polymerized. The Keltan ACE™ catalyst technology also allows the production of EPDMs with very high amounts of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) or 5-vinyl 2-norbornene (VNB) without excessive gelation and reactor fouling, that is, products that cannot or are extremely difficult to obtain via classical ZN catalysis. In a next step, high-VNB-EPDM can be postreactor modified, for example, via metathesis chemistry. In addition, EPDM polymers with a very broad or even bimodal molecular weight distribution can be obtained in a single reactor with certain ACE catalyst structures at particular activator/precatalyst ratios. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 2877–2891 相似文献
99.
Gerard R. Richter. 《Mathematics of Computation》2002,71(238):527-535
We consider a family of tensor product finite element methods for hyperbolic equations in , , which are explicit and generate a continuous approximate solution. The base case (an extension of the box scheme to higher order) is due to Winther, who proved stability and optimal order convergence. By means of a simple counterexample, we show that, for linear approximation with , the corresponding methods are unstable.
100.
Based on our analysis of the hopcount of the shortest path between two arbitrary nodes in the class G
p
(N) of random graphs, the corresponding flooding time is investigated. The flooding time T
N
(p) is the minimum time needed to reach all other nodes from one node. We show that, after scaling, the flooding time T
N
(p) converges in distribution to the two-fold convolution (2*) of the Gumbel distribution function (z)=exp (–e
–z
), when the link density p
N
satisfies Np
N
/(log N)3 if N . 相似文献