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11.
Maculalactones A, B and C from the marine cyanobacterium Kyrtuthrix maculans are amongst the only compounds based on the tribenzylbutyrolactone skeleton known in nature and (+) maculalactone A from the natural source possesses significant biological activity against various marine herbivores and marine settlers. We now report a concise synthesis of racemic maculalactone A in five steps from inexpensive starting materials. Maculalactones B and C were synthesized by a minor modification to this procedure, and the synthetic design also permitted an asymmetric synthesis of maculalactone A to be achieved in around 85% ee. The (+) and (−) enantiomers of maculalactone A were assigned, respectively, to the S and R configurations on the basis of the chiral selectivity expected for catecholborane reduction of an unsymmetrical ketone in the presence of Corey's oxazoborolidine catalyst. Surprisingly, it appeared that natural (+) maculalactone A was biosynthesized in K. maculans in a partially racemic form, comprising ca. 90-95% of the (S) enantiomer and 5-10% of its (R) enantiomer. Coincidentally therefore, the percentage enantiomeric excess of the product obtained from asymmetric synthesis almost exactly matched that found in nature. 相似文献
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P. Davies 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1996,1(6):240-246
Laboratory accreditation is becoming increasingly accepted around the world as a means of identifying technically competent
laboratories. It is also being used as a mechanism for the acceptance of test data both nationally and internationally. The
concept and mechanisms of accreditation have been developed over the past 50 years. The first national laboratory accreditation
system appeared in Australia in 1947. This organisation, known as the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA),
has since taken a leading role in developing accreditation practices that are now used world-wide in evaluating testing, measurement
and calibration laboratories. This paper examines the development of the world's first and largest laboratory accreditation
system, and looks at the difficulties and triumphs in gaining acceptance and recognition by government and industry of the
benefits of laboratory accreditation.
Received: 24 June 1996 Accepted: 25 June 1996 相似文献
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We derive and analyse four algorithms for computing the current induced on a thin straight wire by a transient electric field.
They all involve solving the thin wire electric field integral equations (EFIEs) and consist of a very accurate differential
equations solver together with various schemes to approximate the vector potential integral equation. We carry out a rigorous
numerical stability analysis of each of these methods. This has not previously been done for solution schemes for the thin
wire EFIEs. Each scheme is shown to be stable and convergent provided the radius of the wire is small enough for the thin
wire equations to be a valid model. 相似文献
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P. J. Skevington M. A. G. Halliwell M. H. Lyons S. J. Amin M. A. Z. Rejman-Greene G. J. Davies 《Journal of Crystal Growth》1992,120(1-4):328-332
InP/InGaAs multiple quantum well structures with up to 200 periods have been grown by CBE. These structures exhibit exceptional lateral uniformity, measured as ±1 Å in period, ±13 ppm in lattice mismatch and ±0.5 nm in wavelength across a 2 inch wafer. Good surface morphology, sharp interfaces and excellent growth control have all been demonstrated. 相似文献
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Summary This paper describes a simplified model which links the sedimentary concentration of selected biomarkers to their export primary production, their stability during transit to the anoxic sediment layer and the sediment bulk sedimentation rate. Manipulation of the biomarker data permits the individual effects of these processes to be separated. Examples demonstrate the use of this strategy in the evaluation of environmentally significant parameters. 相似文献