A method for investigating the orientational behaviour of fibrous particles in gaseous flow

A method is described by which the angular orientation distribution of fibrous particles carried in a gaseous stream may be investigated. The method is based upon the interpretation of the spatial intensity distribution or scattering profile of laser light scattered by individual fibres. The scattering instrument used to capture the profiles is described, and the mathematical computation required to ascertain the orientation of each particle at the measurement point is detailed. Illustrative results are given for a study of airborne micromachined silicon particles of 12 μm length and 1.0 μm by 1.5 μm cross-section. The method is currently being employed by the authors to investigate ways of improving the orientation control over nonspherical particles in systems such as aerodynamic particle sizers and particle shape classifiers, since lack of particle orientation control is known to adversely affect the measurement accuracy of both these types of instrument.     

Orientation and relaxation of polymer–clay solutions studied by rheology and small-angle neutron scattering

The influence of shear on viscoelastic solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and clay [montmorillonite, i.e., Cloisite NA+ (CNA)] was investigated with rheology and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The steady-state viscosity and SANS were used to measure the shear-induced orientation and relaxation of the polymer and clay platelets. Anisotropic scattering patterns developed at much lower shear rates than in pure clay solutions. The scattering anisotropy saturated at low shear rates, and the CNA clay platelets aligned with the flow, with the surface normal parallel to the gradient direction. The cessation of shear led to partial and slow randomization of the CNA platelets, whereas extremely fast relaxation was observed for laponite (LRD) platelets. These PEO–CNA networklike solutions were compared with previously reported PEO–LRD networks, and the differences and similarities, with respect to the shear orientation, relaxation, and polymer–clay interactions, were examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3102–3112, 2004     

Potential-dependent structure of the interfacial water on the gold electrode

Doubly tunable sum frequency generation (SFG) spectra demonstrate that the water molecules at gold/electrolyte interface change their orientation with applied potential. At negative potentials, water molecules in the double layer align with their oxygen atom pointing to the solution. As potential became positive to be close to the potential of zero charge (PZC), the SFG signal decreased, suggesting the OH groups of the water molecule are either in random orientation or parallel to the electrode. As potential became more positive than the PZC, the SFG signal increased again with the oxygen-up orientation as same as in the negative potential region, indicating that water molecules interact with the adsorbed sulfate anions. The peak position of the SFG spectra indicates a relatively disordered state of water molecules at the gold electrode surface, in contrast to the previously observed ice-like structure of water at electrolyte/oxide interfaces.     

Operational characteristics and power scaling of a transverse flow transversely excited CW CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> laser

Transverse flow transversely excited (TFTE) CO₂ lasers are easily scalable to multikilowatt level. The laser power can be scaled up by increasing the volumetric gas flow and discharge volume. It was observed in a TFTE CW CO₂ laser having single row of pins as an anode and tubular cathode that the laser power was not increasing when the discharge volume and the gas volumetric flow were increased by increasing the electrode separation keeping the gas flow velocity constant. The discharge voltage too remained almost constant with the change of electrode separation at the same gas flow velocity. This necessitated revision of the scaling laws for designing this type of high power CO₂ laser. Experimental results of laser performance for different electrode separations are discussed and the modifications in the scaling laws are presented.     

The phase diagram of a single polymer chain: New insights from a new simulation method

We present simulation results for the phase behavior of a single chain for a flexible lattice polymer model using the Wang-Landau sampling idea. Applying this new algorithm to the problem of the homopolymer collapse allows us to investigate not only the high temperature coil–globule transition but also an ensuing crystallization at lower temperature. Performing a finite size scaling analysis on the two transitions, we show that they coincide for our model in the thermodynamic limit corresponding to a direct collapse of the random coil into the crystal without intermediate coil–globule transition. As a consequence, also the many chain phase diagram of this model can be predicted to consist only of gas and crystal phase in the limit of infinite chain length. This behavior is in agreement with findings on the phase behavior of hard-sphere systems with a relatively short-ranged attractive square well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2542–2555, 2006     

Stimuli‐responsive polymers. VIII. Polyesters and poly(ester amides) containing azobenzene and chiral binaphthylene segments: Highly adaptive materials endowed with light‐, heat‐, and solvent‐regulated optical rotatory power

Azobenzene‐modified polyesters and poly(ester amide)s fitted with chiral, atropisomeric binaphthylene segments were prepared by a series of low‐temperature polycondensation reactions carried out in polar solvent media. When compared with their polyaramide counterparts studied earlier, these materials had significantly improved solubility behaviors and were readily dissolved by a wide range of organic solvents. In solution, each of these constructs underwent photoinduced oscillations in optical rotatory power when subjected to multiple UV‐light/visible‐light illumination cycles that drove trans?cis isomerization reactions along their polymer chains. Light‐regulated chiroptical perturbations were dependent on polymer backbone structures and were further modulated by well‐coordinated temperature fluctuations and by the nature of the solvent medium employed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 207–218, 2006