随机变量序列加权和的强收敛性

本文讨论了一般随机变量序列加权和的强收敛性．作为推论，得到一类鞅差序列加权和的收敛定理和若干经典的独立随机变量序列的强大数定律；已有的若干结论是本文结果的特例．     

Ligand effect in the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization (CuAACP)

Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization (CuAACP) of AB₂ monomers demonstrated a chain-growth mechanism without any external ligand because of the complexation of in situ formed triazole groups with Cu catalysts. In this study, we explored the use of various ligands that affected the polymerization kinetics to tune the polymers’ molecular weights and the degree of branching (DB). Eight ligands were studied, including polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG₃₅₀, M_n = 350), tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA), 2,6-bis(1-undecyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (Py(DBim)₂), 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy), 4,4′-di-n-nonyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dNbpy), N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), N,N,N′,N″,N″-penta(n-butyl)diethylenetriamine (PBuDETA), and N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentabenzyldiethylenetriamine (PBnDETA). All ligands except PEG₃₅₀ exhibited stronger coordination with Cu(I) than the polytriazole polymer, which freed the Cu catalyst from polymers and resulted in dominant step-growth polymerization with simultaneous chain-growth feature. Meanwhile, the use of PEG₃₅₀ ligand retained the confined Cu in the polymer, demonstrating a chain-growth mechanism, but lower polymer molecular weights as compared with the no-external-ligand polymerization. Results indicated that aliphatic substituent groups on ligands had little effect on the molecular weights and DB of the polymers, but rigid aromatic substituent groups decreased both values. By varying the ligand species and amounts, hyperbranched polymers with DB value ranging from 0.53 ([TBTA]₀/[Cu]₀ = 5) to 0.98 ([PMDETA]₀/[Cu]₀ = 2) have been achieved. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 2238–2244     

Determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A in biological fluids of patients with traumatic brain injury by UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS after injection of Xuebijing

A simple, novel, specific, rapid and reproducible ultra‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) in biological fluids (plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid) of patients with traumatic brain injury after intravenous injection of Xuebijing (XBJ). Liquid–liquid extraction was performed, and separation was carried out on an Acquity UPLC? BEH C₁₈ column, with gradient elution using a mobile phase composed of methanol and 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization was used for the detection of HSYA. The mass transition followed was m/z 611.0 → 491. The retention time was less than 3.0 min. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range from 2 to 6125 ng/mL for cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <10%, and the relative standard deviation of recovery was <15% for HSYA in biological matrices. The method was successfully applied for the first time to quantify HSYA in the biological fluids (especially in cerebrospinal fluid) of patients with traumatic brain injury following intravenous administration of XBJ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhanced cyclability of sulfur cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries with Na-alginate as a binder

Na-alginate as a binder in an aqueous solvent has been applied in the preparation of sulfur cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries.Their electrochemical performances have been investigated by a charge-discharge cycle test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The EIS tests indicated that the alginate sulfur cathode had lower resistance and better kinetic characteristics than those of the poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) sulfur cathode using PVDF as a binder in a N-methy-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent.The charge-discharge tests showed that the discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate of Na-alginate sulfur cathode were 508 mAh·g-1and 65.4% at the 50th cycle with a current density of 335 mA·g-1.Compared with PVDF sulfur cathode,the alginate sulfur cathode showed a remarkably better cycle performance.These results show that the alginate binder has promising potential for lithium-sulfur battery applications.     

Pyrone Diels–Alder Routes to Indolines and Hydroindolines: Syntheses of Gracilamine,Mesembrine, and Δ7‐Mesembrenone

Although the Diels–Alder reaction has long been utilized for the preparation of numerous heterocycles, opportunities to extend its power remain. Herein, we detail a simple, modular, and robust approach that combines various amines regioselectively with 4,6‐dichloropyrone to create substrates which, under appropriate conditions, can directly deliver varied indolines and hydroindolines through [4+2] cycloadditions with substitution patterns difficult to access otherwise. As an initial demonstration of the power of the strategy, several different natural products have been obtained either formally or by direct total synthesis, with efforts toward one of these—the complex amaryllidaceae alkaloid gracilamine—affording the shortest route to date in terms of linear step count.     

Application of flammability limit criteria on non-ASTM standard equipment

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Accurate data of flammability limits for flammable gases and vapors are needed to prevent fires and explosions. The flammability limit, which is the...     

Open‐cage fullerenes as tailor‐made container for a single water molecule

Water is the most important liquid on earth. Clusters of water have been investigated extensively in an effort to understand the bulk property of water. But the behavior of single water molecule without H‐bond has been rarely studied. Open‐cage [60]fullerenes have been shown to trap a single water molecule selectively over molecules with comparable size and act as the smallest “water bottle”. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robustly topological mixing of Kan's map

In 1994, I. Kan constructed a smooth map on the annulus admitting two physical measures, whose basins are intermingled. In this paper, we prove that Kan's map is $C^2$ robustly topologically mixing.     

Solution-Based,Anion-Doping of Li4Ti5O12 Nanoflowers for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

Solution-based, anionic doping represents a convenient strategy with which to improve upon the conductivity of candidate anode materials such as Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO). As such, novel synthetic hydrothermally-inspired protocols have primarily been devised herein, aimed at the large-scale production of unique halogen-doped, micron-scale, three-dimensional, hierarchical LTO flower-like motifs. Although fluorine (F) doping has been explored, the use of chlorine (Cl) dopants is the primary focus here. Several experimental variables, such as dopant amount, lithium hydroxide concentration, and titanium butoxide purity, were probed and perfected. Furthermore, the Cl doping process did not damage the intrinsic LTO morphology. The analysis, based on interpreting a compilation of SEM, XRD, XPS, and TEM-EDS results, was used to determine an optimized dopant concentration of Cl. Electrochemical tests demonstrated an increased capacity via cycling of 12 % for a Cl-doped sample as compared with pristine LTO. Moreover, the Cl-doped LTO sample described in this study exhibited the highest discharge capacity yet reported at an observed rate of 2C for this material at 143mAh g⁻¹. Overall, these data suggest that the Cl dopant likely enhances not only the ion transport capabilities, but also the overall electrical conductivity of our as-prepared structures. To help explain these favorable findings, theoretical DFT calculations were used to postulate that the electronic conductivity and Li diffusion were likely improved by the presence of increased Ti³⁺ ion concentration coupled with widening of the Li migration channel.