Selective behaviour of hyperfiltration cellulose acetate membranes: Part II. Streaming potential

Streaming potentials have been measured by the fast pulse method for cellulose acetate membranes cured at 85 and 95°C. Bounding, solutions of Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and La³⁺ chlorides were used in the concentration of 10^?4-10^?1M. The streaming potenial was shown to depend on the nature of the cation and to increase with decreasing solution concentration.Rather good consistency was obtained in dilute solutions between the electroosmotic cross coefficients calculated from the streaming potentials and from the electroosmosis measurements for Part I (M.G.A. Khedr, S.M. Abd el Haleem and A. Baraka, J. Electronal. Chem. 182 (1985) 157), according to the Onsager reciprocal relations. The deviation observed at higher concentrations, independent of the cation nature, is attributed to concentration polarization and/or excessive water transport encountered in electroosmosis measurements.Determination of additional phenomenological coefficients of the same system, the hydraulic permeability and the electric resistance enabled the estimation of the effective exchange capacity of modified cellulose acetate membranes. The resulting value of 2.1×10^?3 mol of unit charge/1 of pore liquid is compared to the corresponding values previously reported on a different basis.     

Electrical conductivity of PbTe thin films

PbTe thin films were prepared by vacuum technique with different thicknesses ranging from 550 to 3000 Å. The electrical resistivity as a function of the film thickness and mobility was measured. The dependence of log (resistivity) and log (current) was studied as a function of the universal temperature. The activation energies were estimated before and after the break. The transition of conductivity from n-type to p-type is attributable to the increase in the number of migrating lead vacancies. An increase of the applied voltages on the thin films caused the shift of breaking temperature to higher temperatures. This shift is attributed to the creation of Pb vacancies which retard the break.     

A study of mixed ligand complexes using differential pulse polarography

Differential pulse polarography was used to study the mixed ligand complexes of trimethylenediamine (TMDA) and oxalate (OX) with Cd(II) at constant ionic strength (μ = 1, NaNO₃) at 25°C. It has been found that the reduction of complexes is reversible and diffusion-controlled. Three mixed complexes, [Cd(TMDA)(OX)], [Cd(TMDA)(OX)₂]^2? and [Cd(TMDA)₂(OX)], are formed. Their overall stability constants are: log β₁₁ = 6.78, log β₁₂ = 7.53 and log β₂₁ = 8.20, respectively.     

A Direct Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Comparison of the Plasma- and Thermally-Driven Reaction of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> at Macor

This paper reports the appraisal of two in situ Fourier Transform InfraRed plasma cells with respect to the interrogation of the glow of a non-thermal plasma (using a transmission cell), and the non-thermal plasma/solid (i.e. dielectric/catalyst) interface (with a reflectance cell). The paper also reports, for the first time, a direct comparison of the IR spectroscopy of plasma- and thermally-driven chemistry. The system chosen for study was the reduction of CO₂ as there is a wealth of data in the literature for comparison. The catalyst was Macor, a ceramic material comprising primarily Al, Si and Mg oxides. In both the thermal and plasma experiments, rotationally-excited CO₂ (\( {\text{CO}}_{2}^{*} \)) was observed: in the plasma system, rotationally-excited CO (CO*) was produced via the reduction of CO₂. Using the transmission cell, the conversion of CO₂ to CO was estimated and found to be up to 9% at energy efficiencies of ca. 1–2%, in line with the literature. No reaction of CO₂ was observed in the thermal system. The data obtained using the reflectance cell were similar to those obtained with the transmission cell, with the minor differences reflecting the longer residence time and higher specific input energy. Interestingly, two plasma-induced bands were observed in the reflectance experiments which increased in intensity with time and input power: these may be due transverse and longitudinal optical modes of SiO₂ and did not appear to participate in the observed chemistry.