The fast signal diffusion limit in a chemotaxis system with strong signal sensitivity

This paper gives an insight into making a mathematical bridge between the parabolic‐parabolic signal‐dependent chemotaxis system and its parabolic‐elliptic version. To be more precise, this paper deals with convergence of a solution for the parabolic‐parabolic chemotaxis system with strong signal sensitivity to that for the parabolic‐elliptic chemotaxis system where Ω is a bounded domain in () with smooth boundary, is a constant and χ is a function generalizing In chemotaxis systems parabolic‐elliptic systems often gave some guide to methods and results for parabolic‐parabolic systems. However, the relation between parabolic‐elliptic systems and parabolic‐parabolic systems has not been studied except for the case that . Namely, in the case that Ω is a bounded domain, it still remains to analyze on the following question: Does a solution of the parabolic‐parabolic system converge to that of the parabolic‐elliptic system as ? This paper gives some positive answer in the chemotaxis system with strong signal sensitivity.     

The β‐silicon effect. 4: substituent effects on the solvolysis of 1‐alkyl‐2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)ethyl trifluoroacetates

Solvolysis rates of 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)‐1‐methylethyl and 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)‐1‐tert‐butylethyl trifluoroacetates were determined conductimetrically in 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. The effects of aryl substituents at the silicon atom on the solvolysis rates at 50 °C were correlated with parameters of r⁺ = 0.15 with the Yukawa–Tsuno equation, giving ρ values of ?1.5 for both secondary α‐Me and α‐tert‐Bu systems. The ρ values for those secondary systems are less negative than ?1.75 for the 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)ethyl system that proceeds by the Eaborn (non‐vertical) mechanism, while they are distinctly more negative than ?0.99 for 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)‐1‐phenylethyl system that should proceed by the Lambert (vertical) mechanism. There was a fairly linear relationship between the reaction constants (ρ) for the β‐silyl substituent effects and the solvolysis reactivities for a series of β‐silyl substrates. The solvolyses of the α‐Me and tert‐Bu substrates proceed through the transition state (TS) with an appreciable degree of the β‐silyl participation, close to the Eaborn (non‐vertical) TS rather than to the Lambert (vertical) TS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Skin friction reduction by large air bubbles in a horizontal channel flow

Microbubble and air film methods are believed to be applicable to skin friction reduction in ships. Small bubbles are dispersed into the turbulent boundary layer in the former case, and wide air layers cover the wall surface in the latter case. Previous studies did not specifically address the intermediate case between the microbubble and air film conditions. This study is concerned with the possibility and mechanism of drag reduction using relatively large air bubbles compared to the boundary layer thickness in a horizontal turbulent channel flow. The relationship between local skin friction and the bubble’s interfacial structure is investigated by synchronizing the measurement of wall-shear stress with the image acquisition of bubbles. The bubble sizes range from 2 to 90 mm approximately. As a result, a negative correlation between the local skin friction and the local void fraction is confirmed by the time-resolved measurement. A new observation is the fact that the local skin friction decreases drastically in the rear part of individual large bubbles, and rapidly increases after the bubble’s rear interface passes. This characteristic underlies the bubble-size dependency of the average skin friction in the intermediate bubble size condition.     

Two-way coupling of Eulerian–Lagrangian model for dispersed multiphase flows using filtering functions

Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches for dispersed multiphase flows can simulate detailed flow structures with a much higher spatial resolution than the Eulerian–Eulerian approaches. However, there are still unsolved problems regarding the calculation method for accurate two-way interaction, especially on the numerical instability due to the dispersion migration through discrete computational grids. Inadequate solvers sometimes produce false velocity fluctuation which makes the simulation unstable. In this paper, a new calculation method for dispersion-to-continuous phase interaction, which is accompanied by spherical dispersion migration, is proposed. The basic principle of the method is the introduction of Lagrangian filtering functions which convert discrete dispersion volume fractions to a spatially differentiable distribution. The performance of linear, Gaussian and sinewave filtering functions is examined by simple benchmark tests and applied to the simulation of dispersion-generated fluctuation. Using the present method, three-dimensional continuous phase flow structures induced by rising spherical bubbles and/or settling solid particles are demonstrated.     

根霉胞外羧甲基纤维素酶和β－葡糖苷酶的纯化研究

采用柱层析等步骤纯化了根霉Ｇ７的羧甲基纤维素酶及β－葡糖苷酶，回收率分别为４．５％和１９．６％．二种酶的最适酶反应温度都为５５°Ｃ，并都能在较大ｐＨ范围内保持稳定，其中羧甲基纤维素酶具有很高的耐热性，在１００°Ｃ水浴中保持１ｈ也仍可检测出约２０％的酶活性，最适反应ｐＨ为７．０～７．５；而β－葡糖苷酶的热稳性较差，其最适反应ｐＨ为５．０．该两种酶的分子量分别为２．５×１０４和９．５×１０４，而Ｋｍ值则分别为７．４０ｍｇｍＬ－１和０．２１３ｍｇｍＬ－１．     

Chemopreventive action of xanthone derivatives on photosensitized DNA damage

Photosensitized DNA damage participates in solar-UV carcinogenesis, photogenotoxicity and phototoxicity. A chemoprevention of photosensitized DNA damage is one of the most important methods for the above phototoxic effects. In this study, the chemopreventive action of xanthone (XAN) derivatives (bellidifolin [BEL], gentiacaulein [GEN], norswertianin [NOR] and swerchirin [SWE]) on DNA damage photosensitized by riboflavin was demonstrated using [32P]-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from genes relevant to human cancer. GEN and NOR effectively inhibited the formation of piperidine-labile products at consecutive G residues by photoexcited riboflavin, whereas BEL and SWE did not show significant inhibition of DNA damage. The four XAN derivatives decrease the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), an oxidative product of G, by photoexcited riboflavin. The preventive action for the 8-oxodGuo formation of these XAN derivatives increased in the following order: GEN>NOR>BEL>SWE. A fluorescence spectroscopic study and ab initio molecular orbital calculations suggested that the prevention of DNA photodamage is because of the quenching of the triplet excited state of riboflavin by XAN derivatives through electron transfer. This chemoprevention is based on neither antioxidation nor a physical sunscreen effect; rather, it is based on the quenching of a photosensitizer. In conclusion, XAN derivatives, especially GEN, may act as novel chemopreventive agents by the quenching mechanism of an excited photosensitizer.     

Effect of o-methyl group on rate, mechanism, and resonance contribution: aminolysis of Y-substituted phenyl X-substituted 2-methylbenzoates

Second-order rate constants have been determined spectrophotometrically for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted 2-methylbenzoates (2a-e) and Y-substituted phenyl 2-methylbenzoates (3a-e) with alicyclic secondary amines in 80 mol % H(2)O/20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The o-methyl group in the benzoyl moiety of 2a-e retards the reaction rate but does not influence the reaction mechanism. The Hammett plots for the reactions of 2a-e are nonlinear, while the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plots are linear with large r values (1.06-1.70). The linear Yukawa-Tsuno plots suggest that stabilization of the ground-state through resonance interaction between the electron donating substituent X and the carbonyl group is responsible for the nonlinear Hammett plots, while the large r values imply that the ground-state resonance interaction is significant. The reactions of 2a-e resulted in smaller rho(X) values but larger r values than the corresponding reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates (1a-e). The small rho(X) value for the reactions of 2a-e (e.g., rho(X) = 0.22) is suggested to be responsible for the large r value (e.g., r = 1.70). The reactions of 3a-e with piperidine are proposed to proceed in a stepwise manner with a change in the rate-determining step on the basis of the curved Br?nsted-type plot obtained. Microscopic rate constants associated with the reactions of 3a-e are also consistent with the proposed mechanism.     

Cascade reaction including a formal [5 + 2] cycloaddition by use of alkyne-Co2(CO)6 complex

A new cascade reaction including formal [5?+?2] cycloaddition was developed. Treatment of homocinnamyl alcohol and Co₂(CO)₆-complexed arylpropynal with BF₃·OEt₂ resulted in the generation of hydrobenzocycloheptafuran having an alkyne-Co₂(CO)₆ complex. The reaction consists of 5-membered ring selective Prins cyclization and subsequent Friedel-Crafts cyclization. The cascade reaction was applied to a further multi-step cascade cyclization, which resulted in the formation of more complex polycyclic hydrofurans.     

Interference from electrostatic charges in the microdetermination of halogen and sulphur by the combustion method

Summary In the analysis of halogen and sulphur by the combustion method employing silver granules, electrostatic charges on the absorption funnel has been experimentally shown to cause inaccurate weighing of the funnel.An investigation of the influence of this phenomenon on blank values has been made, and possible countermeasures have been examined. By cooling the heated funnel in a desiccator saturated with moist air, the charges are removed and satisfactory analyses are obtained.

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Zusammenfassung Bei der analytischen Bestimmung der Halogene und des Schwefels durch Verbrennung und Bindung an Silbergranellen verursachen, wie gezeigt werden konnte, elektrostatische Aufladungen der Absorptionsgefäße Wägefehler. Untersuchungen über den Einfluß dieser Erscheinung durch Bestimmung von Leerwerten wurden ausgeführt und die Möglichkeit von Gegenmaßnahmen geprüft. Durch Abkühlen der heißen Absorptionsgefäße in einem mit feuchter Luft gefüllten Exsiccator lassen sich die Aufladungen beheben und richtige Analysenergebnisse erzielen.

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Résumé On a montré expérimentalement que dans l'analyse des halogènes et du soufre suivant la méthode de combustion avec granules d'argent, les charges électrostatiques sur le tube d'absorption étaient la cause d'une pesée inexacte de ce tube.On a fait une étude de l'influence de ce phénomène sur les valeurs à blanc et l'on a examiné la possibilité de mesures de l'éviter. En refroidissant le tube chauffé dans un dessicateur saturé d'air humide, on élimine les charges et l'on obtient des analyses satisfaisantes.

     

Photoisomerization of 1,2-diphenylcyclopropane sensitized by polypeptides containing naphthalene groups in their side chain

Poly(γ-1-naphthylmethyl L - and DL -glutamate) (PNLG and PNDLG) and copolypeptides of γ-1-naphthylmethyl L -glutamate and γ-benzyl-L -glutamate were used as sensitizers for isomerization of trans-1,2-diphenylcyclopropane. Quantum yields relative to that of 1-methylnaphthalene were measured in dichloroethane (DCE) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA). The relative quantum yield in DCE was smaller than unity for PNLG, but greater than unity for PNDLG and copolypeptides. The result is discussed in terms of increased effective collisional radius and energy trapping by excimer formation. The relative quantum yields in DCA were close to unity except for the copolypeptides of higher γ-benzyl L -glutamate content. This suggests that the naphthalene groups act in the same manner as their monomeric counterparts in the random conformation and that the greater proportion of γ-benzyl L -glutamate in the copolypeptides lowers the quantum efficiency because trans-1,2-diphenylcyclopropane must penetrate through the polymeric medium in order to encounter the excited naphthalene.