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451.
Modern array systems allow for excitation of separate elements using arbitrary wave forms. This is utilized in pulse compression and coded excitation techniques to improve the imaging performance. Such techniques are however somewhat inflexible since they use predefined excitation schemes. This paper presents a more flexible method for optimizing the input signals to an ultrasonic array in such a way that the scattering strengths at arbitrarily chosen control points in the insonified object can be estimated with as small an error as possible, measured with a mean squared error criteria. The statistically motivated method is based on a linear model of the array imaging system and the method takes into account both prior information regarding the scattering strengths and measurement errors. The input signals are found by using genetic optimization and are constrained to have finite duration and bounds on the maximum amplitudes. Different constellations of control points, and different signal-to-noise ratios, yield different excitation schemes. The design approach finds multiple selective focal laws when choosing relatively well separated control points and when the control points are closely spaced, the resulting excitations result in more diffuse fields. Because of the flexibility in choosing the control points, the design method will be useful when developing transmission schemes aiming at fast imaging of large image areas using few transmissions. 相似文献
452.
Finding a better immunization strategy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The problem of finding the best strategy to immunize a population or a computer network with a minimal number of immunization doses is of current interest. It has been accepted that the targeted strategies on most central nodes are most efficient for model and real networks. We present a newly developed graph-partitioning strategy which requires 5% to 50% fewer immunization doses compared to the targeted strategy and achieves the same degree of immunization of the network. We explicitly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed strategy on several model networks and also on real networks. 相似文献
453.
Hallberg F Furó I Yushmanov PV Stilbs P 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2008,192(1):69-77
Although simple as a concept, electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) has so far failed to find wider application. Problems encountered are mainly due to disturbing and partly irreproducible convection-like bulk flow effects from both electro-osmosis and thermal convection. Additionally, bubble formation at the electrodes and rf noise pickup has constrained the typical sample geometry to U-tube-like arrangements with a small filling factor and a low resulting NMR sensitivity. Furthermore, the sign of the electrophoretic mobility cancels out in U-tube geometries. We present here a new electrophoretic sample cell based on a vertically placed conventional NMR sample tube with bubble-suppressing palladium metal as electrode material. A suitable radiofrequency filter design prevents noise pickup by the NMR sample coil from the high-voltage leads which extend into the sensitive sample volume. Hence, the obtained signal-to-noise ratio of this cell is one order of magnitude higher than that of our previous U-tube cells. Permitted by the retention of the sign of the displacement-related signal phase in the new cell design, an experimental approach is described where bulk flow effects by electro-osmosis and/or thermal convection are compensated through parallel monitoring of a reference signal from a non-charged species in the sample. This approach, together with a CPMG-like pulse train scheme provides a superior first-order cancellation of non-electrophoretic bulk flow effects. 相似文献
454.
Erik?Rosenbaum Magnus?Sellstedt Fredrik?Almqvist Lennart?B.-A.?Johansson 《Journal of fluorescence》2010,20(6):1249-1253
UV-VIS absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of six related polyaromatic 2-pyridones have been studied. Excitation of the lowest and rather weak and structure-less transition [ε max (430 nm)?≈?3,000 mol?1dm3cm?1] gives rise to a broad fluorescence band in the visible region, for these compounds. These S 0 ? S 1 transitions are compatible with symmetrically forbidden transitions, promoted by intensity borrowing, as is revealed by fluorescence depolarisation data. With one exception, all compounds exhibit strong fluorescence, with quantum yields in glycerol varying between 40% and 70%. The corresponding fluorescence lifetimes range from 11 ns to 17 ns, while the radiative lifetimes are very similar (≈26 ns), for all compounds. Interestingly and rarely observed, the calculated radiative lifetimes for the weak absorption band are significantly longer, i.e. between 37 and 40 ns. 相似文献
455.