A mathematical model predicting the overall particle motion in liquid-sprayed gas–solid fluidised beds has been developed. The proposed model is a superposition of bubble-induced particle motion and particle random walk. The model was validated using experimental particle residence times from literature. Good agreement between experimental and model-predicted residence times was obtained for those cases where atomisation air was absent and on the condition of the inclusion of a so-called “dead zone”. The “dead zone”, being a region of stagnant particles in the annular bottom part of the bed, has also been previously reported in literature. In case atomisation air was present, a less favourable agreement was seen between the model and the experiment. As the atomisation air has been shown to significantly alter the ejection distance of particles in the freeboard, recalibration of the ejection height parameter has been demonstrated to obtain an acceptable agreement between model-predicted and experimental data. 相似文献
We investigated the achievable separation performance of a 9-cm-long and 1-mm-wide pillar array channel (volume = 0.6 μL) containing 5 μm diameter Si pillars (spacing 2.5 μm) cladded with a mesoporous silica layer with a thickness of 300 nm, when this channel is directly interfaced to a capillary LC instrument. The chip has a small footprint of only 4 cm × 4 mm and the channel consists of three lanes that are each 3 cm long and that are interconnected using low dispersion turns consisting of a narrow U-turn (10 μm), proceded and preceded by a diverging flow distributor. Measuring the band broadening within a single lane and comparing it to the total channel band broadening, the additional band broadening of the turns can be estimated to be of the order of 0.5 μm around the minimum of the van Deemter curve, and around some 1 μm (nonretained species) and 2 μm (retained species) in the C-term dominated regime. The overall performance (chip + instrument) was evaluated by conducting gradient elution separations of digests of cytochrome c and bovine serum albumin. Peak capacities up to 150 could be demonstrated, nearly completely independent of the flow rate. 相似文献
Organocatalytic ring opening polymerization (OROP) is used to effect the rapid, scalable, room temperature formation of size-controlled, highly uniform, polyvalent, nanogel star polymer nanoparticles of biodegradable composition. 相似文献
The synthesis of bifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles is described. Two chemically orthogonal functionalities are incorporated into mesoporous silica by co‐condensation of tetraethoxysilane with two orthogonally functionalized triethoxyalkylsilanes. Post‐functionalization is achieved by orthogonal surface chemistry. A thiol–ene reaction, Cu‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar alkyne/azide cycloaddition, and a radical nitroxide exchange reaction are used as orthogonal processes to install two functionalities at the surface that differ in reactivity. Preparation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles bearing acidic and basic sites by this approach is discussed. Particles are analyzed by solid state NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, infrared‐spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As a first application, these particles are successfully used as cooperative catalysts in the Henry reaction. 相似文献
Efficient Csp(3)-Csp(3) Suzuki couplings have been developed with both potassium cyclopropyl- and alkoxymethyltrifluoroborates. Moderate to good yields have been achieved in the cross-coupling of potassium cyclopropyltrifluoroborate with benzyl chlorides possessing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents. Benzyl chloride was also successfully cross-coupled to potassium alkoxymethyltrifluoroborates derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. 相似文献
A facile two‐step synthesis for branched poly(isoprene)s (PI) based on polyaddition of ABn‐type macromonomers is described. The synthesis of the macromonomers was achieved by anionic polymerization of isoprene and subsequent end‐capping of the polymers by addition of chlorodimethylsilane to the living carbanions. This led to PI‐based macromonomers with narrow polydispersity ( / < 1.15) and molecular weights in the range of 1 700 – 22 100 g · mol−1. Synthesis of the branched polymers was carried out by a hydrosilylation‐based polymerization of the macromonomers. Characterization via SEC, SEC‐MALLS, coupled SEC‐viscosimetry and 1H‐NMR‐spectroscopy supported the formation of branched structures. Interestingly, these branched polymers exhibited α‐values that were similar to those reported for hyperbranched polymers based on AB2‐monomers.