Effects of electrolyte concentration on the rotational dynamics of resorufin

We report on the rotational diffusion dynamics of the anionic chromophore resorufin in water and N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone (NOP) solutions as a function of solution electrolyte concentration. Our data show that resorufin exhibits a single exponential anisotropy decay in aqueous solutions containing up to 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (LiClO(4)). In contrast to the observed behavior of resorufin in pure NOP, where biexponential decay occurs, we also observe a single exponential anisotropy decay for resorufin in NOP with the addition of up to 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) or tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB). For resorufin in NOP, the reorientation time constant increases with increasing electrolyte concentration, consistent with complexation between the resorufin anion and the electrolyte ammonium cation. We observe a qualitatively different trend in the aqueous resorufin solutions and understand these data for both solvent systems in the context of interactions between the chromophore and cationic species present.     

Interplay between the Ribosomal Tunnel,Nascent Chain,and Macrolides Influences Drug Inhibition

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Highlights? Macrolides exhibit nascent polypeptide chain–dependent inhibition ? Peptides can form specific interactions with the ribosomal tunnel ? A covalent bond between tylosin and the ribosome is necessary for inhibitory activity     

2‐Amino‐8‐(2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐β‐d‐arabinofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐4(8H)‐one monohydrate,a 2′‐deoxyguanosine analogue with an altered Watson–Crick recognition site

The title compound, C₁₀H₁₂FN₅O₄·H₂O, shows an anti glycosyl orientation [χ = −123.1 (2)°]. The 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoroarabinofuranosyl moiety exhibits a major C2′‐endo sugar puckering (S‐type, C2′‐endo–C1′‐exo, ²T₁), with P = 156.9 (2)° and τ_m = 36.8 (1)°, while in solution a predominantly N conformation of the sugar moiety is observed. The conformation around the exocyclic C4′—C5′ bond is −sc (trans, gauche), with γ = −78.3 (2)°. Both nucleoside and solvent molecules participate in the formation of a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonding pattern via intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds; the N atoms of the heterocyclic moiety and the F substituent do not take part in hydrogen bonding.     

The Holst Action by the Spectral Action Principle

We investigate the Holst action for closed Riemannian 4-manifolds with orthogonal connections. For connections whose torsion has zero Cartan type component we show that the Holst action can be recovered from the heat asymptotics for the natural Dirac operator acting on left-handed spinor fields.     

Cyclotomic Integers,Fusion Categories,and Subfactors

Dimensions of objects in fusion categories are cyclotomic integers, hence number theoretic results have implications in the study of fusion categories and finite depth subfactors. We give two such applications. The first application is determining a complete list of numbers in the interval (2, 76/33) which can occur as the Frobenius-Perron dimension of an object in a fusion category. The smallest number on this list is realized in a new fusion category which is constructed in the Appendix written by V. Ostrik, while the others are all realized by known examples. The second application proves that in any family of graphs obtained by adding a 2-valent tree to a fixed graph, either only finitely many graphs are principal graphs of subfactors or the family consists of the A _n or D _n Dynkin diagrams. This result is effective, and we apply it to several families arising in the classification of subfactors of index less than 5.     

Energy cost to make a hole in the Fermi sea

The change in energy of an ideal Fermi gas when a local one-body potential is inserted into the system, or when the density is changed locally, are important quantities in condensed matter physics. We show that they can be rigorously bounded from below by a universal constant times the value given by the semiclassical approximation.     

Characterization of an acoustic cavitation bubble structure at 230 kHz

A generic bubble structure in a 230 kHz ultrasonic field is observed in a partly developed standing wave field in water. It is characterized by high-speed imaging, sonoluminescence recordings, and surface cleaning tests. The structure has two distinct bubble populations. Bigger bubbles (much larger than linear resonance size) group on rings in planes parallel to the transducer surface, apparently in locations of driving pressure minima. They slowly rise in a jittering, but synchronous way, and they can have smaller satellite bubbles, thus resembling the arrays of bubbles observed by Miller [D. Miller, Stable arrays of resonant bubbles in a 1-MHz standing-wave acoustic field, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62 (1977) 12]. Smaller bubbles (below and near linear resonance size) show a fast "streamer" motion perpendicular to and away from the transducer surface. While the bigger bubbles do not emit light, the smaller bubbles in the streamers show sonoluminescence when they pass the planes of high driving pressure. Both bubble populations exhibit cleaning potential with respect to micro-particles attached to a glass substrate. The respective mechanisms of particle removal, though, might be different.     

Trap-assisted tunnelling current in MIM structures

A new model is presented of current transport in Metal Insulator Metal (MIM) structures by quantum mechanical tunnelling. In addition to direct tunnelling through an insulating layer, tunnelling via defects present in the insulating layer plays an important role. Examples of the influence of the material and thickness of the insulating layer, energy distribution of traps, and metal work functions are also provided.