Predicting thermal displacements in modular tool systems

In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in compensating thermally induced errors to improve the manufacturing accuracy of modular tool systems. These modular tool systems are interfaces between spindle and workpiece and consist of several complicatedly formed parts. Their thermal behavior is dominated by nonlinearities, delay and hysteresis effects even in tools with simpler geometry and it is difficult to describe it theoretically. Due to the dominant nonlinear nature of this behavior the so far used linear regression between the temperatures and the displacements is insufficient. Therefore, in this study we test the hypothesis whether we can reliably predict such thermal displacements via nonlinear temperature-displacement regression functions. These functions are estimated first from learning measurements using the alternating conditional expectation (ACE) algorithm and then tested on independent data sets. First, we analyze data that were generated by a finite element spindle model. We find that our approach is a powerful tool to describe the relation between temperatures and displacements for simulated data. Next, we analyze the temperature-displacement relationship in a silent real experimental setup, where the tool system is thermally forced. Again, the ACE algorithm is powerful to estimate the deformation with high precision. The corresponding errors obtained by using the nonlinear regression approach are 10-fold lower in comparison to multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, we investigate the thermal behavior of a modular tool system in a working milling machine and again get promising results. The thermally induced errors can be estimated with 1-2 microm accuracy using this nonlinear regression analysis. Therefore, this approach seems to be very useful for the development of new modular tool systems.     

Tuning the electronic and magnetic properties of boron nitride nanotubes

Density Functional Theory is used to investigate the effect of altering the B/N ratio and carbon doping on the electronic and magnetic structure of zigzag, (7, 0) and armchair (5, 5) boron nitride nanotubes. The calculations indicate that increasing the boron content relative to the nitrogen content significantly reduces the band gap to a value typical of a semiconductor. Calculations of carbon doped semiconducting BN tubes, which have more boron atoms than nitrogen atoms have a net spin and a difference in the density of states at the valence band between the spin up and spin down state.     

Evolution of self-healing characteristic on optical Airy beam

We investigate and analyze the evolution of self-healing characteristic on diffraction-free Airy beams. We also show that different internal structure of Airy beams contribute to self-healing by breaking the integrity of Airy beams. A numerical simulation is performed and demonstrate that each independent structure undertakes different roles. It is believed that the intriguing characteristic of Airy beams can be applied in many fields such as optical tweezers, atom trapping and manipulating.     

The Cellular Interactions of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles: Effect of PEGylation on Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is frequently used to coat various medical nanoparticles (NPs). As PEG is known to minimize NP interactions with biological specimens, the question remains whether PEGylated NPs are intrinsically less toxic or whether this is caused by reduced NP uptake. In the present work, the effect of gold NP PEGylation on uptake by three cell types is compared and evaluated the effect on cell viability, oxidative stress, cell morphology, and functionality using a multiparametric methodology. The data reveal that PEGylation affects cellular NP uptake in a cell‐type‐dependent manner and influences toxicity by different mechanisms. At similar intracellular NP numbers, PEGylated NPs are found to yield higher levels of cell death, mostly by induction of oxidative stress. These findings reveal that PEGylation significantly reduces NP uptake, but that at similar functional (= cell‐associated) NP levels, non‐PEGylated NPs are better tolerated by the cells.     

Quantum effects in a one-dimensional magnetic gravitational trap for ultracold neutrons

JETP Letters - The problem of storing ultracold neutrons over a plane magnetic mirror in the presence of gravity is considered. For neutrons with a definite polarization, the sum of the magnetic...     

Analyzing ultrafast multiplex coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectra with picosecond probing

This article reports an efficient method to simulate time and frequency resolved coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering spectra measured with picosecond pump and probe fields and ultrashort Stokes pulses. A systematic comparison of measured and simulated time and frequency dependent data is presented for carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, octane, and poly(methyl methacrylate). While the first compound exhibits no Raman active modes in the considered spectral region of the CH‐stretch vibrations, the other ones show Raman spectra of increasing complexity. Vibrational frequencies and homogeneous dephasing rates are extracted by fitting explicit analytical formulas to the recorded data. Interference between nonresonant and resonant contributions to the nonlinear polarization is taken fully into account. The ability to measure the influence of inhomogeneous broadening is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Looking at Fokker-Planck dynamics with a noisy instrument

We consider the class of experiments which can be characterized by a Fokker-PIanck dynamics corresponding to the overdamped motion of a state point in a suitable stochastic potential. We assume that the general form of the potential is known (or can be guessed with reasonable accuracy), but that its parameters are to be determined experimentally by measurements made with a noisy instrument. This possible method for determining the potential parameters, which exploits the system's own internal stochastic motion in order to explore rapidly its available parameter space, is substantially more efficient than traditional methods involving time averages of single point measurements, and yet does not appear to have been previously considered. The method could be important when, for example, the experiment must be completed in a limited time owing either to the expense of the experimental materials or to the temporary stationarity of the preparation, situations which are commonly encountered in experimental biochemistry and biology.     

Signals of left-right supersymmetry ine + e − collisions

We study chargino and neutralino pair production at the Next Linear e⁺ e⁻ Collider in a supersymmetric left-right model. We investigateon- and off-resonance signals via the processes: and . These reactions could lead to observable signals as they compare with the background signal from W^± -pair production.     

Equilibrium concentration of point defects in crystalline4He at O K

We calculate the concentrations of vacancies and intersitials in the ground state of a Bose solid which models⁴He. Because ground-state boson wave functions are nodeless, their probability densities correspond to classical Boltzmann factors, and properties of Bose solids, such as the concentration of vacancies and interstitials, can be calculated using classical statistical mechanics. We model the ground-state wave function of⁴He with the product (Jastrow) form that corresponds to a classical 1/r ^b pair potential, and use a quasiharmonic approximation to calculate the concentrations of vacancies and interstitials in an fcc lattice with this potential. We find that the fractional concentration of vacancies at the melting point is 1.60×10^–5 for 1/r ⁹ and 6.36×10^–6 for 1/r ⁶, while the interstitial fractional concentrations are 1.32×10^–3 and 1.08×10^–5, respectively; the defect concentrations decrease by 7–16 orders of magnitude when the crystal density increases by 50%. At the same density, and with the same 1/r ⁹ potential, the concentration of vacancies in an hcp lattice is essentially the same as in an fcc lattice, but the interstitial concentration is much lower, apparently because the fcc lattice contains a more favorable split-interstitial site than does hcp. Therefore, our fcc vacancy results should be directly relevant for (hcp)⁴He, providing what we think is a lower bound on the vacancy concentration, while the interstitial concentration in⁴He is probably much lower than our results.