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The purpose of this study was to describe relationships among instructor and student goals, course design, and student strategies for learning physics in a traditional introductory undergraduate physics course for nonmajors. The procedures included 16 hours ofnonparticipant observation, during which detailed field notes and photographs were taken and documents were collected. Audiotaped open-ended interviews were given to instructors and students, and all students participated in a limited survey. The data were analyzed using qualitative methods of the Chicago School. Results indicated that both differing goals of students and instructors and the structure of the course inhibited the understanding of physics and were conducive to students engaging in unexpected behaviors designed to help them successfully pass the course. The consequences of the structure of the course and subsequent student behaviors inhibited their understanding and appreciation of physics and deterred them from enrolling in further science courses. The paper includes implications for teaching introductory college physics. 相似文献
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Tawnya G. Flick Evan R. Williams 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2012,23(11):1885-1895
Addition of 1.0?mM LaCl3 to aqueous ammonium acetate solutions containing proteins in their folded native forms can result in a significant increase in the molecular ion charging obtained with electrospray ionization as a result of cation adduction. In combination with m-nitrobenzyl alcohol, molecular ion charge states that are greater than the number of basic sites in the protein can be produced from these native solutions, even for lysozyme, which is conformationally constrained by four intramolecular disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that the conformation of ubiquitin is not measurably affected with up to 1.0?M LaCl3, but ion mobility data indicate that the high charge states that are formed when 1.0?mM LaCl3 is present are more unfolded than the low charge states formed without this reagent. These and other results indicate that the increased charging is a result of La3+ preferentially adducting onto compact or more native-like conformers during ESI and the gas-phase ions subsequently unfolding as a result of increased Coulomb repulsion. Electron capture dissociation of these high charge-state ions formed from these native solutions results in comparable sequence coverage to that obtained for ions formed from denaturing solutions without supercharging reagents, making this method a potentially powerful tool for obtaining structural information in native mass spectrometry. 相似文献
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