Clustering intelligent transportation sensors using public transportation

Advanced transportation sensors use a wireless medium to communicate and use data fusion techniques to provide complete information. Large-scale use of intelligent transportation sensors can lead to data bottlenecks in an ad-hoc wireless sensor network, which needs to be reliable and should provide a framework to sensors that constantly join and leave the network. A possible solution is to use public transportation vehicles as data fusion nodes or cluster heads. This paper presents a mathematical programming approach to use public transportation vehicles as cluster heads. The mathematical programming solution seeks to maximize benefit achieved by covering both mobile and stationary sensors, while considering cost/penalty associated with changing cluster head locations. A simulation is developed to capture realistic considerations of a transportation network. This simulation is used to validate the solution provided by the mathematical model.     

Determination of Internal Energy Distributions of Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry using Thermometer Ions and Other Biomolecules

The internal energy distributions for dried and liquid samples that were vaporized with femtosecond duration laser pulses centered at 800 nm and postionized by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LEMS) were measured and compared with conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The internal energies of the mass spectral techniques were determined by plotting the ratio of the intact parent molecular features to all integrated ion intensities of the fragments as a function of collisional energy using benzylpyridinium salts and peptides. Measurements of dried p-substituted benzylpyridinium salts using LEMS resulted in a greater extent of fragmentation in addition to the benzyl cation. The mean relative internal energies, int> were determined to be 1.62?±?0.06, 2.0?±?0.5, and 1.6?±?0.3 eV for ESI-MS, dried LEMS, and liquid LEMS studies, respectively. Two-photon resonances with the laser pulses likely caused lower survival yields in LEMS analyses of dried samples but not liquid samples. In studies with larger biomolecules, LEMS analyses of dried samples from glass showed a decrease in survival yield compared with conventional ESI-MS for leucine enkephalin and bradykinin of ~15% and 11%, respectively. The survival yields for liquid LEMS analyses were comparable to or better than ESI-MS for benzylpyridinium salts and large biomolecules. Figure

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Influence of Electronic Effects on the Reactivity of Triazolylidene‐Boryl Radicals: Consequences for the use of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes in Organic and Polymer Synthesis

A small library of triazolylidene‐boranes that differ only in the nature of the aryl group on the external nitrogen atom was prepared. Their reactivity as hydrogen‐atom donors, as well as that of the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐boryl radicals toward methyl acrylate and oxygen, was investigated by laser flash photolysis, molecular orbital calculations, and ESR spin‐trapping experiments, and benchmarked relative to the already known dimethyltriazolylidene‐borane. The new NHC‐boranes were also used as co‐initiators for the Type I photopolymerization of acrylates. This allowed a structure–reactivity relationship with regard to the substitution pattern of the NHC to be established and the role of electronic effects in the reactivity of NHC‐boryl radicals to be probed. Although their rate of addition to methyl acrylate depends on their electronegativity, the radicals are all nucleophilic and good initiators for photopolymerization reactions.     

Synthesis of chiral γ-lactams via Rh(II) catalyzed intramolecular C-H insertion: α-substituents and conformational effects

Highly functionalized chiral γ-lactams are efficiently synthesized via Rh(II) catalyzed intramolecular C-H insertion from various α-diazoamides. Independent of α-substituents, regio- and stereoselectivities are enhanced through a conformational effect exerted by a bicyclic transition state.     

Ambient Molecular Analysis of Biological Tissue Using Low-Energy,Femtosecond Laser Vaporization and Nanospray Postionization Mass Spectrometry

Direct analysis of plant and animal tissue samples by laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) was investigated using low-energy, femtosecond duration laser vaporization at wavelengths of 800 and 1042 nm followed by nanospray postionization. Low-energy (<50 μJ), fiber-based 1042 nm LEMS (F-LEMS) allowed interrogation of the molecular species in fresh flower petal and leaf samples using 435 fs, 10 Hz bursts of 20 pulses from a Ytterbium-doped fiber laser and revealed comparable results to high energy (75–1120 μJ), 45 fs, 800 nm Ti:Sapphire-based LEMS (Ti:Sapphire-LEMS) measurements. Anthocyanins, sugars, and other metabolites were successfully detected and revealed the anticipated metabolite profile for the petal and leaf samples. Phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, were identified from a fresh mouse brain section sample using Ti:Sapphire-LEMS without the application of matrix. These lipid features were suppressed in both the fiber-based and Ti:Sapphire-based LEMS measurements when the brain sample was prepared using the optimal cutting temperature compounds that are commonly used in animal tissue cryosections.

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Slow joins of loopy games

This paper is concerned with two-person games of perfect information and no chance moves in which play may possibly never terminate. The slow join is a way of playing several such games simultaneously, so as to form a single compound game. Our analysis of the slow join is accomplished by extending the notion of the suspense function from games which satisfy the stopping condition to the onside of games which may continue indefinitely. The remoteness function is also employed in the analysis.     

A complete analysis of Black-White Hackendot

RecentlyÚlehla [1980] gave a complete analysis of an impartial two-person combinatorial game called Hackendot which was invented by von Neumann. In this note we consider a partizan (or unimpartial) variation of Hackendot. Úlehla's analysis uses the Sprague-Grundy theory for disjunctive sums of impartial games. Our analysis employs Conway's theory for disjunctive sums of partizan games, two certain “biased” ways of “adding” dyadic rationals, and the usual addition of numbers.     

A novel synthetic route to chiral gamma-lactams from alpha-amino acids via Rh-catalyzed intramolecular C-H insertion

Highly functionalized gamma-lactams are key intermediates for the synthesis of numerous biologically significant natural products. We herein described the synthesis of various chiral gamma-lactams via intramolecular C-H insertion of alpha-diazo-alpha-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamides derived from alpha-amino acids, which possess various functional groups. The cyclizations were highly regio- and stereoselective to afford chiral gamma-lactam motifs in high yields.