全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2903篇 |
免费 | 103篇 |
国内免费 | 23篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2140篇 |
晶体学 | 22篇 |
力学 | 93篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 420篇 |
物理学 | 353篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 17篇 |
2023年 | 38篇 |
2022年 | 290篇 |
2021年 | 196篇 |
2020年 | 130篇 |
2019年 | 120篇 |
2018年 | 105篇 |
2017年 | 92篇 |
2016年 | 157篇 |
2015年 | 90篇 |
2014年 | 99篇 |
2013年 | 243篇 |
2012年 | 173篇 |
2011年 | 174篇 |
2010年 | 114篇 |
2009年 | 94篇 |
2008年 | 112篇 |
2007年 | 121篇 |
2006年 | 89篇 |
2005年 | 89篇 |
2004年 | 75篇 |
2003年 | 66篇 |
2002年 | 48篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 18篇 |
1999年 | 21篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 11篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有3029条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Katren F. Khella Ahmed I. Abd El Maksoud Amr Hassan Shaimaa E. Abdel-Ghany Rafaat M. Elsanhoty Mohammed Abdullah Aladhadh Mohamed A. Abdel-Hakeem 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(13)
Carnosic acid (CA) is a natural phenolic compound with several biomedical actions. This work was performed to study the use of CA-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to improve the antitumor activity of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and colon cancer cells (Caco-2). CA was encapsulated in bovine serum albumin (BSA), chitosan (CH), and cellulose (CL) nanoparticles. The CA-loaded BSA nanoparticles (CA-BSA-NPs) revealed the most promising formula as it showed good loading capacity and the best release rate profile as the drug reached 80% after 10 h. The physicochemical characterization of the CA-BSA-NPs and empty carrier (BSA-NPs) was performed by the particle size distribution analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential. The antitumor activity of the CA-BSA-NPs was evaluated by measuring cell viability, apoptosis rate, and gene expression of GCLC, COX-2, and BCL-2 in MCF-7 and Caco-2. The cytotoxicity assay (MTT) showed elevated antitumor activity of CA-BSA-NPs against MCF-7 and Caco-2 compared to free CA and BSA-NPs. Moreover, apoptosis test data showed an arrest of the Caco-2 cells at G2/M (10.84%) and the MCF-7 cells at G2/M (4.73%) in the CA-BSA-NPs treatment. RT-PCR-based gene expression analysis showed an upregulation of the GCLC gene and downregulation of the BCL-2 and COX-2 genes in cells treated with CA-BSA-NPs compared to untreated cells. In conclusion, CA-BSA-NPs has been introduced as a promising formula for treating breast and colorectal cancer. 相似文献
12.
Hawsar Othman Mohammed Attila Almsi Szilrd Molnr Pl Perjsi 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(13)
Hyperglycemia is reported to be associated with oxidative stress. It can result in changes in the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes and membrane-integrated transporters, which can modify the fate of drugs and other xenobiotics; furthermore, it can result in the formation of non-enzyme catalyzed oxidative metabolites. The present work aimed to investigate how experimental hyperglycemia affects the intestinal and biliary appearance of the oxidative and Phase II metabolites of ibuprofen in rats. In vivo studies were performed by luminal perfusion of 250 μM racemic ibuprofen solution in control and streptozotocin-treated (hyperglycemic) rats. Analysis of the collected intestinal perfusate and bile samples was performed by HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. No oxidative metabolites could be detected in the perfusate samples. The biliary appearance of ibuprofen, 2-hydroxyibuprofen, ibuprofen glucuronide, hydroxylated ibuprofen glucuronide, and ibuprofen taurate was depressed in the hyperglycemic animals. However, no specific non-enzymatic (hydroxyl radical initiated) hydroxylation product could be detected. Instead, the depression of biliary excretion of ibuprofen and ibuprofen metabolites turned out to be the indicative marker of hyperglycemia. The observed changes impact the pharmacokinetics of drugs administered in hyperglycemic individuals. 相似文献
13.
Ahmed I. Foudah Sultan Alshehri Faiyaz Shakeel Mohammed H. Alqarni Tariq M. Aljarba Prawez Alam 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(13)
The study aimed to develop a new reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) detection for simultaneous estimation of escitalopram (EST) and clonazepam (CZP) in tablet dosage forms with a quality by design (QbD) approach. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD) and developed method was validated for the linearity, system suitability, accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and solution stability according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. EST and CZP standard drugs peaks were separated at retention times of 2.668 and 5.046 min by C-18 column with dimension of 4.6 × 100 mm length and particle size packing 2.5 µm. The mobile phase was methanol: 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (OPA) (25:75, v/v), with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min at temperature of 26 °C. The sample volume injected was 20 µL and peaks were detected at 239 nm. Using the standard calibration curve, the % assay of marketed tablet was founded 98.89 and 98.76 for EST and CZP, respectively. The proposed RP-HPLC method was able to detect EST and CZP in the presence of their degradation products, indicating the stability-indicating property of the developed RP-HPLC method. The validation parameter’s results in terms of linearity, system suitability, accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and solution stability were in an acceptable range as per the ICH guidelines. The newly developed RP-HPLC method with QbD application is simple, accurate, time-saving, and economic. 相似文献
14.
Asaad Khalid Mohnad Abdalla Maria Saeed Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur Surya Kant Kalauni Mohammed Albratty Hassan A. Alhazmi Mohammed Ahmed Mesaik Anwarul Hassan Gilani Zaheer Ul-Haq 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(11)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and calcium channel blockers are considered effective therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. AChE plays an essential role in the nervous system by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In this study, the inhibition of the enzyme AChE by Sarcorucinine-D, a pregnane type steroidal alkaloid, was investigated with experimental enzyme kinetics and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques. Kinetics studies showed that Sarcorucinine-D inhibits two cholinesterases—AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)—noncompetitively, with Ki values of 103.3 and 4.66 µM, respectively. In silico ligand-protein docking and MD simulation studies conducted on AChE predicted that Sarcorucinine-D interacted via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds with the residues of the active-site gorge of AChE. Sarcorucinine-D was able to relax contractility concentration-dependently in the intestinal smooth muscles of jejunum obtained from rabbits. Not only was the spontaneous spasmogenicity inhibited, but it also suppressed K+-mediated spasmogenicity, indicating an effect via the inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Sarcorucinine-D could be considered a potential lead molecule based on its properties as a noncompetitive AChE inhibitor and a Ca2+ channel blocker. 相似文献
15.
Mohammed Alqarni Nader Ibrahim Namazi Sameer Alshehri Ibrahim A. Naguib Amal M. Alsubaiyel Kumar Venkatesan Eman Mohamed Elmokadem Mahboubeh Pishnamazi Mohammed A. S. Abourehab 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(14)
Industrial-based application of supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) has emerged as a promising technology in numerous scientific fields due to offering brilliant advantages, such as simplicity of application, eco-friendliness, and high performance. Loxoprofen sodium (chemical formula C15H18O3) is known as an efficient nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which has been long propounded as an effective alleviator for various painful disorders like musculoskeletal conditions. Although experimental research plays an important role in obtaining drug solubility in SCCO2, the emergence of operational disadvantages such as high cost and long-time process duration has motivated the researchers to develop mathematical models based on artificial intelligence (AI) to predict this important parameter. Three distinct models have been used on the data in this work, all of which were based on decision trees: K-nearest neighbors (KNN), NU support vector machine (NU-SVR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The data set has two input characteristics, P (pressure) and T (temperature), and a single output, Y = solubility. After implementing and fine-tuning to the hyperparameters of these ensemble models, their performance has been evaluated using a variety of measures. The R-squared scores of all three models are greater than 0.9, however, the RMSE error rates are 1.879 × 10−4, 7.814 × 10−5, and 1.664 × 10−4 for the KNN, NU-SVR, and GPR models, respectively. MAE metrics of 1.116 × 10−4, 6.197 × 10−5, and 8.777 × 10−5errors were also discovered for the KNN, NU-SVR, and GPR models, respectively. A study was also carried out to determine the best quantity of solubility, which can be referred to as the (x1 = 40.0, x2 = 338.0, Y = 1.27 × 10−3) vector. 相似文献
16.
Dibyalochan Mohanty Ameeduzzafar Zafar Mohammed Jafar Atul Kumar Upadhyay Mohammad Akiful Haque Jeetendra Kumar Gupta Vasudha Bakshi Mohammed M. Ghoneim Sultan Alshehri Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir Mohammed Javed Ansari 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(9)
Objective: The present study aimed to develop and optimize esomeprazole loaded proniosomes (EZL-PNs) to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Method: EZL-PNs formulation was developed by slurry method and optimized by 33 box-Bhekhen statistical design software. Span 60 (surfactant), cholesterol, EZL concentration were taken as independent variables and their effects were evaluated on vesicle size (nm), entrapment efficiency (%, EE) and drug release (%, DR). Furthermore, optimized EZL-PNs (EZL-PNs-opt) formulation was evaluated for ex vivo permeation, pharmacokinetic and ulcer protection activity. Result: The EZL-PNs-opt formulation showed 616 ± 13.21 nm of vesicle size, and 81.21 ± 2.35% of EE. EZL-PNs-opt exhibited negative zeta potential and spherical confirmed scanning electron microscopy. EZL-PNs-opt showed sustained release of EZL (95.07 ± 2.10% in 12 h) than pure EZL dispersion. The ex-vivo gut permeation result exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced flux than pure EZL. The in vivo results revealed 4.02-fold enhancement in bioavailability and 61.65% protection in ulcer than pure EZL dispersion (43.82%). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that EZL-PNs formulation could be an alternative delivery system of EZL to enhance oral bioavailability and antiulcer activity. 相似文献
17.
Mohammed Ahmed Shehab Nikita Sharma Andrea Valsesia Gbor Karacs Ferenc Kristly Tams Kos Anett Katalin Lesk Lilla Nnai Klara Hernadi Zoltn Nmeth 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(9)
Nowadays, the use of hybrid structures and multi-component materials is gaining ground in the fields of environmental protection, water treatment and removal of organic pollutants. This study describes promising, cheap and photoactive self-supported hybrid membranes as a possible solution for wastewater treatment applications. In the course of this research work, the photocatalytic performance of titania nanowire (TiO2 NW)-based hybrid membranes in the adsorption and degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation was investigated. Characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) were used to study the morphology and surface of the as-prepared hybrid membranes. We tested the photocatalytic efficiency of the as-prepared membranes in decomposing methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation. The hybrid membranes achieved the removal of MB with a degradation efficiency of 90% in 60 min. The high efficiency can be attributed to the presence of binary components in the membrane that enhanced both the adsorption capability and the photocatalytic ability of the membranes. The results obtained suggest that multicomponent hybrid membranes could be promising candidates for future photocatalysis-based water treatment technologies that also take into account the principles of circular economy. 相似文献
18.
Karsten Krohn Ishtiaq Ahmed Dietmar Gehle Mohammed Al Sahli 《Journal of carbohydrate chemistry》2013,32(2):64-77
Chiral building blocks for macrolides and related natural products are obtained from 1,6-anhydrosugars by conversion of the bicyclic acetals 2 or 12 into the open chain chiral 1,3-dithianes 6 and 13. Branched precursors can be obtained by opening of the ?erný epoxide 1 with the 1,3-dithiane anion to yield 7, followed by ring opening with 1,3-propanedithiol to the bis-1,3-dithiane 8. 相似文献
19.
This paper presents a novel geometric non-linear finite element formulation for the analysis of shear deformable two-layer beams with interlayer slips. We adopt the co-rotational approach where the motion of the element is decomposed into two parts: a rigid body motion which defines a local coordinate system and a small deformational motion of the element relative to this local coordinate system. The main advantage of this approach is that the transformation matrices relating local and global quantities are independent to the choice of the geometrical linear local element. The effect of transverse shear deformation of the layers is taken into account by assuming that each layer behaves as a Timoshenko beam element. The layers are assumed to be continuously connected and partial interaction is considered by considering a continuous relationship between the interface shear flow and the corresponding slip. In order to avoid curvature and shear locking phenomena, the local linear element is formulated using “exact” displacement shape functions derived from the closed-form solution of the governing equations of a two-layer beam element. Finally, three numerical applications are presented in order to assess the performance of the proposed formulation. 相似文献
20.
A simple, rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive method for spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI), based on the absorbance of its complex with 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) is presented. The complex showed a molar absorbtivity of 1.5?×?104?L?mol?1?cm?1 at 379?nm. Under optimum experimental conditions, a pH of 4.5 and 1.960?×?103?mg?L?1 cyclam were selected, and all measurements were performed 10?min after mixing. Major cations and anions did not show any interference; Beer's law was applicable in the concentration range 0.2–20?mg?L?1 with a detection limit of 0.001?mg?L?1. The standard deviation in the determination is ±0.5?mg?L?1 for a 15.0?mg?L?1 solution (n?=?7). The described method provides a simple and reliable means for determination of Cr(VI) in real samples. 相似文献