Determination of the effective atomic and mass numbers for mixture and compound materials in high energy photon interactions

In consideration the radiological properties of materials and studying the scattering processes in atomic and nuclear physics, the effective atomic and mass numbers is widely employed. These numbers have been calculated for any mixed or composite materials in interaction with high energy photons (Linac in radiation therapy). A pair equation in terms of these numbers is obtained. The first equation has been derived from the conservation of mass energy law and the second by minimizing the binding energy from the semiempirical mass formula (Myers and Swiatecki formula) that gives a relation between atomic and mass numbers for stable nuclei approximately. By these equations one can obtain the effective atomic and mass numbers for any compound or mixed materials uniquely. These numbers are calculated for some materials and compared with the other studies.     

Purification of soybean oil with phospholipase Al

An enzymatic degumming step in the production of edible soybean oil is carried out. The phosphatides are present in free hydratable form (HP) or in nonhydratable form (NHP). The main characteristic of the discovery is the use of phospholipid A1 (Lecithin Ultra) enzyme, which catalyzes reactions at specific temperatures. The mechanism includes the conversion of nonhydratable phospholipids into water-soluble lysophospholipids, which are then removed by centrifuge, yielding degumming oil low in phosphorus. The effects of important determining factors affecting oil degumming such as enzyme dosage, temperature and pH are investigated.     

A convenient synthesis of bis(indolyl)alkanes under ultra sonic irradiation using silica-supported Preyssler nano particles

Bis(indolyl)alkanes have been synthesised in excellent yields in the presence of catalytic amount of silica-supported Preyssler nano particles as green, reusable and efficient catalyst under ultra sonic irradiation.     

An enaminone-directed benzannulation/macrocyclization approach to cyclophane ring systems

A straightforward and modular preparative approach to 1,3,5-triaroylbenzene-based functionalized cyclophane ring systems has been developed. The key cyclophane-forming macrocyclization reaction was accomplished during the course of a regioselective cross-benzannulation between bis(aryl ethynyl) ketone and enaminone reactants. Macrocyclic products with ring sizes ranging from 18- to 22-membered were successfully constructed. The composition of the tether connecting the two aryl ethynyl ketone fragments can be easily varied; consequently, this method is suitable for construction of a diverse range of structurally distinct cyclophane products. To illustrate this feature, cyclophanes possessing xylyl, alkyl, di(ethylene triamine), and di(ethylene oxy) bridging units were synthesized in isolated yields of 11-46%. Three new cyclophanes (calixarene-like macrocyles 8 and 9, as well as crownophane 18) were structurally characterized by X-ray diffractometry.     

The selective aerobic oxidation of methylaromatics to benzaldehydes using a unique combination of two heterogeneous catalysts

A unique combination of a supported cobalt complex and the first example of supported NHPI in acetic acid gives a surprisingly stable heterogeneous catalytic system for the selective aerobic oxidation of methylaromatics to benzaldehydes at atmospheric pressure.     

Sensitive Kinetic-Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Periodate Ion

A simple, precise, sensitive and accurate method was developed for rapid determination of trace quantities of periodate. The method is based on the accelerating effect of periodate on the reaction of bromate and hydrochloric acid in the presence of hydrazine. The decolorization of methyl orange with the reaction products was used to monitor the reaction spectrophotometrically at 525 nm. Periodate could be determined in the concentration ranges of 0.02–1.5 g/mL. The relative standard deviation for ten replicate determinations of 0.3 g/mL of periodate was 1.12%. The method was applied to the determination of periodate in water samples and indirect determination of ethylene glycol in gasoline and glycerol in vegetable oil via Malaprade reaction with satisfactory results.     

Shape invariance for the bent brane with two scalar fields

In this paper, we study the braneworld scenarios in the presence of two real scalar fields coupled by gravity. The first-order formalism for the bent brane (for both de Sitter and anti-de Sitter geometry), leads us to discuss the shape invariance method in the bent brane systems. So, by using the fluctuations of metric and fields we obtain the Schrödinger equation. Then we factorize the corresponding Hamiltonian in terms of multiplication of the first-order differential operators. These first-order operators lead us to obtain the energy spectrum with the help of shape invariance method.     

Raising and Lowering of Generalized Hulthén Potential from Supersymmetry Approaches

We obtain the exact bound states of the generalized of Hulthén potential with negative energy levels using an analytic approach. In order to obtain bound states, we use the associated Jacobi differential equation. Using the supersymmetry approach to quantum mechanics, we show that these bound states, via four pairs of first order differential operators, represent four types of ladder equations. Two types of these supersymmetric structures suggest derivation of algebric solutions for the bound states using two different approaches. PACS 21.60.Cs; 21.60.Fw; 21.60.-n; 03.65.Fd; 03.65.Ge; 03.65.-w