Determination of the effective atomic and mass numbers for mixture and compound materials in high energy photon interactions

In consideration the radiological properties of materials and studying the scattering processes in atomic and nuclear physics, the effective atomic and mass numbers is widely employed. These numbers have been calculated for any mixed or composite materials in interaction with high energy photons (Linac in radiation therapy). A pair equation in terms of these numbers is obtained. The first equation has been derived from the conservation of mass energy law and the second by minimizing the binding energy from the semiempirical mass formula (Myers and Swiatecki formula) that gives a relation between atomic and mass numbers for stable nuclei approximately. By these equations one can obtain the effective atomic and mass numbers for any compound or mixed materials uniquely. These numbers are calculated for some materials and compared with the other studies.     

Ultrasonic‐Assistance and Aging Time Effects on the Zeolitation Process of BZSM‐5 Zeolite

The isomorphic substitution of boron into ZSM‐5 zeolite under static hydrothermal condition was investigated. Evaluation of hydrothermal synthesis of BZSM‐5 was performed by treating the synthesis mixture by different aging processes, namely, ultrasonic, static, stirring, and microwave‐assisted aging prior to the conventional hydrothermal treatment. The synthetic processes with different techniques of aging prior to the onset of conventional hydrothermal crystallization were compared with a process without any prior aging. The obtained results showed that the ultrasonic and microwave assisted aging shortened the crystallization time and altered the crystal size and the morphology of the obtained products. The characteristics of the synthesized products were obtained by FT‐IR spectroscopic, XRD and SEM techniques.     

A convenient synthesis of bis(indolyl)alkanes under ultra sonic irradiation using silica-supported Preyssler nano particles

Bis(indolyl)alkanes have been synthesised in excellent yields in the presence of catalytic amount of silica-supported Preyssler nano particles as green, reusable and efficient catalyst under ultra sonic irradiation.     

Laser-optical path to nuclear energy without radioactivity: Fusion of hydrogen–boron by nonlinear force driven plasma blocks

Anomalous interaction of terawatt-picosecond laser pulses allows side-on ignition of solid state density fusion fuel with the unexpected possibility of igniting uncompressed hydrogen–boron p-¹¹B. Suppression of relativistic self-focusing by using very clean laser pulses with an extremely high contrast ratio is essential to achieve ignition thresholds only ten times more difficult than fusion of deuterium–tritium (DT). This opens the possibility for laser driven fusion energy without neutrons and less radioactivity than from burning coal. The complex nonlinear optical properties involved are elaborated.     

An enaminone-directed benzannulation/macrocyclization approach to cyclophane ring systems

A straightforward and modular preparative approach to 1,3,5-triaroylbenzene-based functionalized cyclophane ring systems has been developed. The key cyclophane-forming macrocyclization reaction was accomplished during the course of a regioselective cross-benzannulation between bis(aryl ethynyl) ketone and enaminone reactants. Macrocyclic products with ring sizes ranging from 18- to 22-membered were successfully constructed. The composition of the tether connecting the two aryl ethynyl ketone fragments can be easily varied; consequently, this method is suitable for construction of a diverse range of structurally distinct cyclophane products. To illustrate this feature, cyclophanes possessing xylyl, alkyl, di(ethylene triamine), and di(ethylene oxy) bridging units were synthesized in isolated yields of 11-46%. Three new cyclophanes (calixarene-like macrocyles 8 and 9, as well as crownophane 18) were structurally characterized by X-ray diffractometry.     

The selective aerobic oxidation of methylaromatics to benzaldehydes using a unique combination of two heterogeneous catalysts

A unique combination of a supported cobalt complex and the first example of supported NHPI in acetic acid gives a surprisingly stable heterogeneous catalytic system for the selective aerobic oxidation of methylaromatics to benzaldehydes at atmospheric pressure.     

Sensitive Kinetic-Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Periodate Ion

A simple, precise, sensitive and accurate method was developed for rapid determination of trace quantities of periodate. The method is based on the accelerating effect of periodate on the reaction of bromate and hydrochloric acid in the presence of hydrazine. The decolorization of methyl orange with the reaction products was used to monitor the reaction spectrophotometrically at 525 nm. Periodate could be determined in the concentration ranges of 0.02–1.5 g/mL. The relative standard deviation for ten replicate determinations of 0.3 g/mL of periodate was 1.12%. The method was applied to the determination of periodate in water samples and indirect determination of ethylene glycol in gasoline and glycerol in vegetable oil via Malaprade reaction with satisfactory results.     

Pseudo-poly(amino acid)s: study on construction and characterization of novel chiral and thermally stable nanostructured poly(ester-imide)s containing different trimellitylimido-amino acid-based diacids and pyromellitoyl-tyrosine-based diol

A new class of chiral and potentially biodegradable poly(ester-imide)s (PEI)s as pseudo-poly(amino acid)s (PAA)s bearing natural amino acids in the main chain was synthesized. In this investigation, N,N′-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-(L-tyrosine dimethyl ester) as a biodegradable optically active diphenol and synthesized trimellitic anhydride-derived dicarboxylic acids containing different natural amino acids such as S-valine, L-methionine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-phenylalanine were used for direct polyesterification. With the aim of tosyl chloride/pyridine/N,N′-dimethylformamide system as a condensing agent, the new optically active PEIs were obtained in good yields and moderate inherent viscosity up to 0.42 dL/g. The obtained polymers were characterized with FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy, elemental, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. These polymers show high solubility in organic solvents, such as N,N′-dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and sulfuric acid at room temperature, and are insoluble in solvents, such as methylene chloride, cyclohexane, and water. Morphology probes showed these pseudo-poly(amino acid)s were noncrystalline and nanostructured polymers. On the basis of thermogravimetric analysis data, such PAAs are thermally stable and can be classified as self-extinguishing polymers. In addition due to the existence of amino acids in the polymer backbones these pseudo-PAAs not only are optically active but also are expected to be biodegradable and therefore could be classified under eco-friendly polymers.