Bubble formation induced by nanosecond laser ablation in water and its diagnosis by optical transmission technique

In this paper, bubble formation and ablation rate in laser ablation of a thin-film aluminum target are studied. The target was an aluminum thin-film coated on a quartz substrate and interacted by a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser beam in ambient air and distilled water. Measuring optical transmission of a He–Ne beam through the ablation region shows that the ablation rate in water is higher than that in ambient air. The results also show that an initial peak appears in the transmission signal which is an evidence for bubble formation in water. Analyzing the data is useful for monitoring the bubble formation in water and relatively estimating the ablation rate.     

Stability study of the gastric floating dosage form of capecitabine

Since administration of capecitabine tablets leading to dose limiting makes the unfavorable toxicity, preparation of sustained-release tablets will overcome most of these side effects. The aim of this study was to prepare and study the stability of capecitabine sustained-release tablets. Sustained-release tablets of capecitabine were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy techniques to determine the stability of the tablets. All tests carried out for tablets upon preparation as well as 6 and 12 months after preparation. The gradual decomposition of capecitabine sustained-release tablets stored at accelerated conditions (40 °C in 75 % of relative humidity) was indicated by decreasing values of peak purity and melting temperature, calculated from the Van’t Hoff equation. Except for the occurrence of one sharp peak for long-term stability and some sharp peaks in the accelerated condition, all peaks showed a crystallized nature. But the FTIR and UV results showed that there were no changes between the initial sustained-release tablets and stored tablets. Although the XRD results showed more peaks in the accelerated condition tablets, the crystalline form of capecitabine was maintained. These findings demonstrate that the capecitabine sustained-release tablet has excellent stability in normal and long-term storage conditions, with slight changes in the accelerated condition.     

Development of a turbulent near-wall temperature model and its application to channel flow

A numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer in a two-dimensional channel under fully developed turbulent conditions is reported. A computer program which is capable of treating both forced and natural convection problems under turbulent conditions has been developed. The code uses the high-Reynolds-number form of the two equation turbulent model(k-?) in which a turbulent kinetic energy near-wall model is incorporated in order to accurately represent the behavior of the flow near the wall, particularly in the viscous sublayer where the turbulent Reynolds number is small. A near-wall temperature model has been developed and incorporated into the energy equation to allow accurate prediction of the temperature distribution near the wall and, therefore, accurate calculation of heat transfer coefficients. The sensitivity of the prediction of flow and heat transfer to variations in the coefficients used in the turbulence model is investigated. The predictions of the model are compared to available experimental and theoretical results; good agreement is obtained. The inclusion of the near-wall temperature model has further improved the predictions of the temperature profile and heat transfer coefficient. The results indicate that the turbulent kinetic energy Prandtl number should be a function of Reynolds number.     

Dose distribution verification in intraoperative radiation therapy using an N-isopropyl acrylamide-based polymer gel dosimeter

The purpose of the current study was to verify the dose distribution of an Intrabeam-50 kV IORT system using polymer gel dosimetry technique. Results of dose distribution evaluation using NIPAM polymer gel dosimetry were compared with those measured using an ionization chamber and simulated using MCNPX code. Results showed the calculated gamma index was less than 1 with 2% dose-difference/2 mm distance-to-agreement for comparison between NIPAM and ionization chamber as well as between NIPAM and MCNPX simulation. It was concluded that the NIPAM polymer gel dosimetry is useful for verifying the dose distribution of low energy X-ray IORT technique.

     

Some fuzzy stochastic orderings for fuzzy random variables

A new approach to stochastic ordering of fuzzy random variables is investigated in this paper. The traditional definitions of stochastic ordering, hazard rate ordering, and also mean residual life ordering were extended and proposed the unified indexes to ranking fuzzy random variables. Finally, we study the stochastic ordering of fuzzy order statistics by using our proposed approach and established some properties.     

Normal subgroups of are not finitely generated

As a generalization of Wedderburn's classic theorem, it is shown that the multiplicative group of a noncommutative finite dimensional division algebra cannot be finitely generated. Also, the following conjecture is investigated: An infinite non-central normal subgroup of cannot be finitely generated.