Time and poling history dependent energy storage and discharge behaviors in poly(vinylidene fluoride-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-hexafluoropropylene) random copolymers

 We studied cycle time (0.01–10 s with triangular input waves) and poling history (continuous versus fresh poling) dependent electric energy storage and discharge behaviors in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] films using the electric displacement ― the electric field (D-E) hysteresis loop measurements. Since the permanent dipoles in PVDF are orientational in nature, it is generally considered that both charging and discharging processes should be time and poling history dependent. Intriguingly, our experimental results showed that the charging process depended heavily on the cycle time and the prior poling history, and thus the D-E hysteresis loops had different shapes accordingly. However, the discharged energy density did not change no matter how the D-E loop shape varied due to different measurements. This experimental result could be explained in terms of reversible and irreversible polarizations. The reversible polarization could be charged and discharged fairly quickly (< 5 ms for each process), while the irreversible polarization depended heavily on the poling time and the prior poling history. This study suggests that it is only meaningful to compare the discharged energy density for PVDF and its copolymer films when different cycle times and poling histories are used.     

Distribution of Heavy Metal Contents and Chemical Fractions in Anaerobically Digested Manure Slurry

Digested slurry samples from twenty-one large-scale anaerobic digestion plants together with intensive pig and dairy farms in Jiangsu Province of China were collected and analyzed for total and dissolved concentrations of Zn, Cu and As, as well as chemical characteristics. The results showed that total concentrations of Zn, Cu and As in digested pig slurries were concentrated to <10, <5 and 0.02–0.1 mg/l, respectively; while <2 and 10–30, <1, and 0.02–0.1 mg/l, respectively, in digested dairy slurries. Lowering the dietary supply of these elements to pig and dairy would be the most effective way to control heavy metal contents in digested manure slurries. Dissolved fractions of Zn, Cu and As accounted for 1–74%, 1–33% and 2–53% of the total concentrations, respectively, in digested pig slurries; and 18–65%, 12–58% and 3–68% in digested dairy slurries. The chemical fractions of heavy metals in digested slurries were not only dependent on the total concentrations of heavy metals in raw manures but also on conditions of digestion and storage. Oxidation pond systems could significantly cripple the total contents of heavy metals in digested slurries, and the removal effect was better in multi-oxidation-pond systems than that in primary-oxidation-pond systems. However, the chemical fractions of heavy metals in digested slurries changed in a complicated manner when stored in oxidation ponds, due to the suspended solid deposition, elements reduction, as well as variations of pH values and oxidation-reduction potential.     

Coordination properties of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC). Synthesis and equilibrium studies of some metal ion complexes. Ternary complexes involving Cu(II) with (NOCC) and some biorelevant ligand

In the present study, the acid-base equilibria of N,O-carboxymethy chitosan abbreviated as (NOCC), is investigated. The complex formation equilibria with the metal ions Cu^(II), Ni^(II), Co^(II), Mn^(II), and Zn^(II) are investigated potentiometrically. The stability constant values of the binary and ternary complexes formed in solution were determined and the binding centers of the ligands were assigned. The relationships between the properties of the studied central metal ions as ionic radius, electronegativity, atomic number, and ionization potential, and the stability constants of the formed complexes were investigated in an effort to give information about the nature of chemical bonding in complexes and make possible the calculation of unknown stability constants. Cu^(II), Ni^(II), and U^(VI) complexes with NOCC are isolated as solid complexes and characterized by conventional chemical and physical methods. The structures of the isolated solid complexes are proposed on the basis of the spectral and magnetic studies. The ternary copper(II) complexes involving NOCC and various biologically relevant ligands containing different functional groups, as amino acids and DNA constituents are investigated. The stability constants of the complexes are determined and the concentration distribution diagrams of the complexes are evaluated.     

IVSPlat 1.0: an integrated virtual screening platform with a molecular graphical interface

Background  

The virtual screening (VS) of lead compounds using molecular docking and pharmacophore detection is now an important tool in drug discovery. VS tasks typically require a combination of several software tools and a molecular graphics system. Thus, the integration of all the requisite tools in a single operating environment could reduce the complexity of running VS experiments. However, only a few freely available integrated software platforms have been developed.     

Crystallization behavior and morphology of one-step reaction compatibilized microfibrillar reinforced isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (<Emphasis Type="Italic">i</Emphasis>PP/PET) blends

One-step reaction compatibilized microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blends(CMRB) were successfully prepared through a "slit extrusion-hot stretching-quenching" process.Crystallization behavior and morphology of CMRB were systematically investigated.Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) observations showed blurry interface of compatibilized common blend(CCB).The crystallization behavior of neat iPP,CCB,microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blend(MRB) and CMRB was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and polarized optical microscopy(POM).The increase of crystallization temperature and crystallization rate during nonisothermal crystallization process indicated both PET particles and microfibrils could serve as nucleating agents and PET microfibrils exhibited higher heterogeneous nucleation ability,which were also vividly revealed by results of POM.Compared with MRB sample,CMRB sample has lower crystallization temperature due to existence of PET microfibrils with smaller aspect ratio and wider distribution.In addition, since in situ compatibilizer tends to stay in the interphase,it could also hinder the diffusion of iPP molecules to the surface of PET phase,leading to decrease of crystallization rate.Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction(2D-WAXD) was preformed to characterize the crystalline structure of the samples by injection molding,and it was found that well-developed PET microfibrils contained in MRB sample promoted formation ofβ-phase of iPP.     

Electroactive conducting polymers for corrosion control

There is an intensive effort underway to develop new corrosion control coatings for structural metals. In part, this effort has been motivated by the desire to replace chromium(VI)-containing coatings currently used for corrosion control of iron and aluminum alloys. Cr(VI) has been shown to be hazardous to the environmental and to human health, and its use in many countries will be sharply curtailed in the coming years. Electroactive conducting polymers (ECPs) represent a class of interesting materials currently being explored for use in corrosion control coating systems, possibly as a replacement for Cr(VI)-based coatings. The electroactivity and the electronic conductivity (or semiconductivity) of ECPs set them apart from traditional organic coatings. As with chromate, interesting and potentially beneficial interactions of ECPs with active metal alloys such as steel and aluminum are anticipated, with concomitant alteration of their corrosion behavior. A review of this active research area will be presented in two parts. Here in Part 1, a general introduction to the topic of corrosion control by ECPs will be presented, including an overview of corrosion and its control by traditional methods, an introduction to ECPs and their properties, and a discussion of the processing issues surrounding the use of ECPs as coatings. Part 1 also includes a review of the literature on the use of ECPs as coatings (or components of coatings) on non-ferrous active metals, principally aluminum and aluminum alloys, although some work on zinc, copper, silver, titanium and silicon will also be described. In Part 2 of this review (to be published in the next issue of this journal), the rather extensive literature on the use of ECPs for the corrosion control of ferrous alloys (steels) will be reviewed. Electronic Publication     

Effects of retrograde-zoning of garnet on Sm-Nd isotopic dating of eclogite and oxygen isotopic disequilibrium between eclogitic minerals

The compositional zoning of the garnet in a strongly deformed eclogite from Raobazhai foliated peridotite has been recognized. The CaO concentrations of the garnet are decreased from the core to the rim, while its MnO concentrations are increased, suggesting the retrograde origin of such CaO—MnO zoning. The tie line of garnet + omphacite from this eclogite gives a Sm-Nd age of (187 ± 5) Ma, which is less significant than the Sm-Nd ages of (221±5)—(228 ± 3) Ma and (210 ± 6)—(214 ± 6) Ma for ultrahigh-pressure eclogites in the southern Dabie zone and in the northern Dabie zone, respectively. This younger Sm-Nd age could result from the¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd ratio decrease of the retrograde zone in the garnet. The δ¹⁸O values of the garnet and omphacite show that their fractionation values are less than the equilibrium fractionation value between the garnet and omphacite at 500—900°C, which suggests an oxygen isotopic disequilibrium between them.     

3D-structured carbon-coated MnO/graphene nanocomposites with exceptional electrochemical performance for Li-ion battery anodes

MnO has a high theoretical capacity, moderate discharge plateau, and low polarization when it is used as the anode material in lithium battery. However, the issues that limit its application are its poor conductivity and large volume changes, which can easily result in the collapse of electrode structure during long-term cycling. In the present work, a carbon-coated MnO/graphene 3D-network anode material is synthesized by an electrostatic adsorption of dispersed precipitates precipitation method. The MnO nanoparticles coated by carbon are uniformly distributed on the surface of graphene nanosheets and form a 3D sandwich-like nanostructure. A carbon layer is coated on the surface of MnO nanoparticles, which slows down the volume expansion in the process of lithium intercalation. The graphene nanosheets are cross-linked through carbons in this 3D nanostructure, which provides mechanical support and effective electron conduction pathways during the charge-discharge. The electrochemical tests indicate that the prepared 3D carbon-coated MnO/graphene electrode exhibits an excellent rate capacity of 1247.3 and 713.2 mAh g^?1 at 100 and 1000 mA g^?1, respectively. The capacity is 792.2 mAh g^?1 after long cycle at a current density of 1000 mA g^?1. The specific capacity is higher than that of MnO-based composite lithium anode materials currently reported. The superior rate and cycling performances are attributed to the unique 3D-network structure, which provides an effectively conductive network, buffers volume expansion, and prevents falling and aggregation of MnO in the charge and discharge process of the electrode materials. The 3D-structured carbon-coated MnO/graphene anode material will have an excellent application prospect.

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Graphical abstract Cyclic performance at 1 A g^?1 and SEM images (inset) of the 3D-structured carbon-coated MnO/graphene nanocomposite.

     

Low-temperature heat capacity and standard thermodynamic functions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate

The heat capacities of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate ionic liquids ([C₄mim][Lact]) were measured with a highly accurate automatic adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 79 to 406 K. And the experimental values of molar heat capacities were fitted to a polynomial equation using least square method in the appropriate temperature ranges. The standard molar heat capacity was determined to be 1734.46?±?5.12 J K^?1 mol^?1 at 298.15 K. The molar enthalpy and molar entropy of the transition were determined to be 15.575?±?0.045 and 64.44?±?0.14 J K^?1 mol^?1. Other thermodynamic properties, such as (H_T???H_298.15) and (S_T???S_298.15), were also calculated. Furthermore, when the temperature reaches 241.87 K, the strongest peaks appeared by analysis of the heat capacity curve. This phenomenon could be explained from the interionic interaction, which is the hydrogen bond between the anions and cations.