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161.
A human brain is composed of a large number of interconnected neurons forming a neural network. To study the functional mechanism of the neural network, it is necessary to record the activity of individual neurons over a large area simultaneously. Brain-computer interface (BCI) refers to the connection established between the human/animal brain and computers/other electronic devices, which enables direct interaction between the brain and external devices. It plays an important role in understanding, protecting, and simulating the brain, especially in helping patients with neurological disorders to restore their impaired motor and sensory functions. Neural electrodes are electrophysiological devices that form the core of BCI, which convert neuronal electrical signals (carried by ions) into general electrical signals (carried by electrons). They can record or interfere with the state of neural activity. The Utah Electrode Array (UEA) designed by the University of Utah is a mainstream neural electrode fabricated by bulk micromachining. Its unique three-dimensional needle-like structure enables each electrode to obtain high spatiotemporal resolution and good insulation between each other. After implantation, the tip of each electrode affects only a small group of neurons around it even allowing to record the action potential of a single neuron. The availability of a large number of electrodes, high quality of signals, and long service life has made UEA the first choice for collecting neuronal signals. Moreover, UEA is the only implantable neural electrode that can record signals in the human cerebral cortex. This article mainly serves as an introduction to the construction, manufacturing process, and functioning of UEA, with a focus on the research progress in fabricating high-density electrode arrays, wireless neural interfaces, and optrode arrays using silicon, glass, and metal as that material of construction. We also discuss the surface modification techniques that can be used to reduce the electrode impedance, minimize the rejection by brain tissue, and improve the corrosion resistance of the electrode. In addition, we summarize the clinical applications where patients can control external devices and get sensory feedback by implanting UEA. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges faced by existing electrodes such as the difficulty in increasing electrode density, poor response of integrated wireless neural interface, and the problems of biocompatibility. To achieve stability and durability of the electrode, advancements in both material science and manufacturing technology are required. We hope that this review can broaden the scope of ideas for the development of UEA. The realization of a fully implantable neural microsystem can contribute to an improved understanding of the functional mechanisms of the neural network and treatment of neurological diseases. 相似文献
162.
Astaxanthin is a natural lipid-soluble and red-orange carotenoid. Due to its strong antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immune modulation, astaxanthin has gained growing interest as a multi-target pharmacological agent against various diseases. In the current review, the anti-inflammation mechanisms of astaxanthin involved in targeting for inflammatory biomarkers and multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, NF-κB, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and JAK-2/STAT-3, have been described. Furthermore, the applications of anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin in neurological diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatic and renal diseases, eye and skin disorders, are highlighted. In addition to the protective effects of astaxanthin in various chronic and acute diseases, we also summarize recent advances for the inconsistent roles of astaxanthin in infectious diseases, and give our view that the exact function of astaxanthin in response to different pathogen infection and the potential protective effects of astaxanthin in viral infectious diseases should be important research directions in the future. 相似文献
163.
Hai‐Long Qian Fan‐Lin Meng Cheng‐Xiong Yang Xiu‐Ping Yan 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(40):17607-17613
Design of stable adsorbents for selective gold recovery with large capacity and fast adsorption kinetics is of great challenge, but significant for the economy and the environment. Herein, we show the design and preparation of an irreversible amide‐linked covalent organic framework (COF) JNU‐1 via a building block exchange strategy for efficient recovery of gold. JNU‐1 was synthesized through the exchange of 4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxaldehyde (BA) in mother COF TzBA consisting of 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)trianiline (Tz) and BA with terephthaloyl chloride. The irreversible amide linked JNU‐1 gave good stability, unprecedented fast kinetics, excellent selectivity and outstanding adsorption capacity for gold recovery. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy along with thermodynamic study and quantum mechanics calculation reveals that the excellent performance of JNU‐1 for gold recovery results from the formation of hydrogen bonds C(N)?H???Cl and coordinate interaction of O and Au. The rational design of irreversible bonds as both inherent linkage and functional groups in COFs is a promising way to prepare stable COFs for diverse applications. 相似文献
164.
针对典型连接结构中, 高强螺栓在受拉工况下因产生附加弯矩而极大削弱其承载能力的问题, 开展了螺栓附加弯矩产生的机理研究, 并提出了一种有效降低螺栓附加弯矩的结构优化设计方法. 首先, 建立典型连接结构的等效力学模型, 推导出螺栓附加弯矩的解析解, 进一步开展数值仿真分析, 验证了解析方法的正确性. 考虑螺栓同时承受拉弯耦合载荷工况, 引入梁塑性弯曲理论, 研究了不同拉弯组合下的螺栓截面各类应力分布的交互关系, 并给出了考虑轴力影响的弯矩塑性折减系数. 基于最大应力破坏准则, 开展了考虑附加弯矩和弯曲塑性影响的螺栓载荷失效判据研究, 该判据更加具有工程应用价值. 从机理出发, 开展典型连接结构优化设计以降低螺栓的附加弯矩进而提高其承载能力, 进一步采用解析方法, 阐述了铰支球头的工作机理. 采用数值仿真方法, 开展了螺栓附加弯矩灵敏度分析, 验证了优化设计方法的有效性. 进一步开展试验研究, 获得不同连接状态下螺栓的附加弯矩, 验证了优化设计方法的正确性和可行性. 该方法能够极大降低高强螺栓的附加弯矩, 最大程度发挥螺栓的承载能力, 提高连接结构的可靠性. 相似文献
165.
This work studies the kinetics of living radical polymerization by means of both the nonsteady state approach and the quasi-stationary state method. Expressions for the numberand weight-average degress of polymerization and the polydispersity index were derived. Numerical results show that the concentration of residual initiator seriously influences the polydispersity index of the resulting polymer. The calculated outcomes of the non-steady state approach are evidently different from those of the quasi-stationary state method when the magnitude of the rate constant of termination is comparable with that of the propagation rate constant, and the difference becomes negligible if the rate constant of the termination (kt) is much larger than that of propagation (kp). The polydispersity index of the resulting polymer increases with decreasing ratios of kt to kp or MO to IO (initial concentrations of monomer and initiator). 相似文献
166.
167.
针对长跨距密集波分复用系统中喇曼放大入纤泵浦功率过大的问题,将遥泵放大器(RP-EDFA)引入到系统中,通过对共纤RP-EDFA的噪音性能及其优化设计的研究,在理论上计算比较了RP-EDFA系统和后向喇曼放大系统在不同泵浦功率水平下的光信噪比和非线性相移,表明遥泵放大技术有效降低了入纤泵浦的功率水平,更适合长跨距应用.运用遥泵放大技术,对一个典型的长跨距系统进行系统Q值的模拟,结果表明:在 220 mW泵浦功率水平下可以实现跨距为 167 km的40×11.6 Gbit/s系统1000 km传输,Q值裕量4.4 dB. 相似文献
168.
Zengqing Sun Qingyu Tang Xiaohui Fan Min Gan Xuling Chen Zhiyun Ji Xiaoxian Huang 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(1)
Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are considered to be alternative cementitious materials for civil infrastructures. Nowadays, efforts have been made in developing AAMs with self-compacting ability. The obtained self-compacting AAMs (SCAAMs) accomplish superior passing and filling properties as well as excellent mechanical and environmental advantages. This work critically revisits recent progresses in SCAAMs including mixture proportions, fresh properties, mechanical strength, microstructure, acid and sulfate resistance, high temperature behaviors, impact resistance and interface shear strength. To facilitate direct comparison and interpretation of data from different publications, mixture proportions were normalized in terms of the content of key reactive components from precursors and activators, and correlation with mechanical behaviors was made. Moreover, special attention was paid to current research challenges and perspectives to promote further investigation and field application of SCAAMs as advanced construction material. 相似文献
169.
Dingxuan Ma Huimin Zhao Fan Cao Huihui Zhao Jixin Li Lei Wang Kang Liu 《Chemical science》2022,13(8):2385
Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) provide high theoretical capacity, operational safety, low-cost and environmental friendliness for large-scale energy storage and wearable electronic devices, but their future development is plagued by low capacity and poor cycle life due to the lack of suitable cathode materials. In this work, a covalent organic framework (Tp-PTO-COF) with multiple carbonyl active sites is synthesized and successfully introduced in aqueous rechargeable ZIBs for the first time. Tp-PTO-COF delivers high specific capacities of 301.4 and 192.8 mA h g−1 at current densities of 0.2 and 5 A g−1, respectively, along with long-term durability and flat charge–discharge plateaus. The remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the abundance of nucleophilic carbonyl active sites, well defined porous structure and inherent chemical stability of Tp-PTO-COF. Moreover, the structural evolution and Zn2+ ion intercalation mechanism are discussed and revealed by the experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations. These results highlight a new avenue to develop organic cathode materials for high performance and sustainable aqueous rechargeable ZIBs.A covalent organic framework (Tp-PTO-COF) with carbonyl active sites was proposed as a novel cathode material and successfully applied in aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). 相似文献
170.