Effects of Photobiomodulation on Root Resorption Induced by Orthodontic Tooth Movement and RANKL/OPG Expression in Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation on the repair of induced root resorption (RR) after orthodontic tooth movement. Twenty male rats were used in this study. Forty right and left upper first molars were evaluated and divided into four groups (n = 10): negative control group (NC), no tooth movement or irradiation; positive control group (PC), induced tooth movement and root resorption; conventional treatment group (CT), force was removed after 7 days; and photobiomodulation group (PBM) after force removal molars were irradiated every 48 h for 7 days using GaAlAs diode laser (810 nm). Energy per point was 1.5 J (100 mW, 15 s, 75 J cm^?2). NC and PC were euthanized on day 7; CT and PBM on day 14. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemsitry analyses showed increase in area of root resorption in all groups (P < 0.05) compared to NC. RR lacunae were larger in CT compared to PC and PBM at the compression side of the distal root. OPG was higher in PBM group (P < 0.05). PBM group showed low expression of RANKL compared to PC and CT on the tension side. PBM can potentially affect RR progression by increasing OPG expression in the compression area and decreasing number of clastic cells in the root surface.     

Thermal stability of the PBAT biofilms with cellulose nanostructures/essential oils for active packaging

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal stability of the active films with the cellulose nanostructure (CNS, 5?mass%) treated with encapsulated essential oils (EOs), eugenol and linalool. CNS untreated and treated were incorporated in the poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) polymer matrix prepared by casting. In this study, all samples were characterized by FTIR, DRX, TG, DSC and SEM, elucidating the contribution of each component in the final films. CNS untreated and treated with EOs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirming the interaction between these components. The active biofilms were analyzed by TGA and DSC analyses (differential scanning calorimetry), confirming that their thermal stability was maintained similar to the neat PBAT film, without loss of properties. The CI (crystallinity index, %) of the polymeric films was calculated from heat fusion (ΔH) values, indicating that the incorporation of the nanostructures into the PBAT matrix increases the crystallinity of the biofilms, from 11.5 (neat PBAT) to 13.8% (PBAT/CNS-E), acting as a nucleating agent in the polymeric matrix. The presence of the EOs did not decrease the CNS stability, as well of the biocomposite films. Moreover, the thermal analysis confirmed that the EO was well involved by the CNS, before and after the incorporation in the PBAT polymer, as observed in the SEM images.

     

Nickel-catalyzed allylation of allyl carbonates with homoallyl alcohols via retro-allylation providing 1,5-hexadienes

A highly efficient and mild method for the synthesis of 1,5-hexadienes, nickel-catalyzed reactions of Boc-protected allyl alcohols with homoallyl alcohols, has been developed. Nickel-mediated retro-allylation allows for the use of homoallyl alcohols as allylmetal equivalents in the synthesis of 1,5-hexadienes.     

Rhodium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aldehydes with Homoallylic Alcohols by Retroallylation and Isomerization to Saturated Ketones with Conventional or Microwave Heating

The treatment of an aldehyde with a tertiary homoallylic alcohol at 100–250 °C in the presence of cesium carbonate and a rhodium catalyst leads to allyl transfer from the homoallylic alcohol to the aldehyde. The process includes Rh‐mediated retroallylation to form an allyl rhodium species as the key intermediate. The homoallylic alcohol formed initially through allyl transfer is converted under the reaction conditions into the corresponding saturated ketone when bulky ligands are used. Microwave heating at 250 °C accelerates the reaction significantly.     

A comparison of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the discrimination of automotive glass

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μXRF), and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) are compared in terms of discrimination power for a glass sample set consisting of 41 fragments. Excellent discrimination results (> 99% discrimination) were obtained for each of the methods. In addition, all three analytical methods produced very similar discrimination results in terms of the number of pairs found to be indistinguishable. The small number of indistinguishable pairs that were identified all originated from the same vehicle. The results also show a strong correlation between the data generated from the use of µXRF and LA-ICP-MS, when comparing µXRF strontium intensities to LA-ICP-MS strontium concentrations. A 266 nm laser was utilized for all LIBS analyses, which provided excellent precision (< 10% RSD for all elements and < 10% RSD for all ratios, N = 5). The paper also presents a thorough data analysis review for forensic glass examinations by LIBS and suggests several element ratios that provide accurate discrimination results related to the LIBS system used for this study. Different combinations of 10 ratios were used for discrimination, all of which assisted with eliminating Type I errors (false exclusions) and reducing Type II errors (false inclusions). The results demonstrate that the LIBS experimental setup described, when combined with a comprehensive data analysis protocol, provides comparable discrimination when compared to LA-ICP-MS and μXRF for the application of forensic glass examinations. Given the many advantages that LIBS offers, most notably reduced complexity and reduced cost of the instrumentation, LIBS is a viable alternative to LA-ICP-MS and μXRF for use in the forensic laboratory.     

Nisin production utilizing skimmed milk aiming to reduce process cost

Nisin is a natural additive for conservation of food, pharmaceutical, and dental products and can be used as a therapeutic agent. Nisin inhibits the outgrowth of spores, the growth of a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This study was performed to optimize large-scale nisin production in skimmed milk and subproducts aiming at low-costs process and stimulating its utilization. Lactococcus lactis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 11454 was developed in a rotary shaker (30 degrees C/36 h/100 rpm) in diluted skimmed milk and nisin activity, growth parameters, and media components were also studied. Nisin activity in growth media was expressed in arbitrary units (AU/mL) and converted to standard nisin concentration (Nisaplin, 25 mg of pure nisin is 1.0x10(6) AU/mL). Nisin activity in skimmed milk 2.27 g(total solids) was up to threefold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 4.54 g(total solids) and was up to 85-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 1.14 g(total solids). L. lactis was assayed in a New Brunswick fermentor with 1.5 L of diluted skimmed milk (2.27 g(total solids)) and airflow of 1.5 mL/min (30 degrees C/36/200 rpm), without pH control. In this condition nisin activity was observed after 4 h (45.07 AU/mL) and in the end of 36 h process (3312.07 AU/mL). This work shows the utilization of a low-cost growth medium (diluted skimmed milk) to nisin production with wide applications. Furthermore, milk subproducts (milk whey) can be exploited in nisin production, because in Brazil 50% of milk whey is disposed with no treatment in rivers and because of high organic matter concentrations it is considered an important pollutant. In this particular case an optimized production of an antimicrobial would be lined up with industrial disposal recycling.     

Palladium-catalyzed stereo- and regiospecific allylation of aryl halides with homoallyl alcohols via retro-allylation: selective generation and use of sigma-allylpalladium

Treatment of tertiary homoallyl alcohol with aryl halide under palladium catalysis resulted in the transfer of the allyl moiety of the homoallyl alcohol to aryl halide and yielded the corresponding cross-coupling product stereo- and regiospecifically. The transfer process includes retro-allylation, which proceeds via a conformationally regulated six-membered transition state. The retro-allylation can be regarded as a method for the stereo- and regiospecific preparation of sigma-allylpalladium.     

Structure Revision of Caesalpinistas A and B and Isolation of a New Furanoditerpenoid from the Cotyledons of Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica

A known cassane‐type furanoditerpenoid, caesalpinista B ( 1 ), and a new diterpenoid, deoxycaesaljaponin A ( 2 ), were isolated from the cotyledons of Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica. The previously reported configurational assignments of 1 and the related diterpenoid caesalpinista A ( 3 ) were revised on the basis of X‐ray crystallography and chemical conversion. The structure of 2 was elucidated by spectroscopic data and chemical conversion into 3 .     

A Cell‐Targeted Non‐Cytotoxic Fluorescent Nanogel Thermometer Created with an Imidazolium‐Containing Cationic Radical Initiator

A cationic fluorescent nanogel thermometer based on thermo‐responsive N‐isopropylacrylamide and environment‐sensitive benzothiadiazole was developed with a new azo compound bearing imidazolium rings as the first cationic radical initiator. This cationic fluorescent nanogel thermometer showed an excellent ability to enter live mammalian cells in a short incubation period (10 min), a high sensitivity to temperature variations in live cells (temperature resolution of 0.02–0.84 °C in the range 20–40 °C), and remarkable non‐cytotoxicity, which permitted ordinary cell proliferation and even differentiation of primary cultured cells.     

Direct evidence of singlet molecular oxygen [O2(1Deltag)] production in the reaction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide with peroxynitrite

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a biologically active species, can induce lipid peroxidation in biological membranes, thereby leading to the formation of various hydroperoxides. We report herein on the formation of singlet molecular oxygen [O(2) ((1)Delta(g))] in the reaction of peroxynitrite with linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAOOH) or (18)O-labeled LAOOH. The formation of O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) was characterized by (i) dimol light emission in the red spectral region (lambda > 570 nm) using a red-sensitive photomultiplier; (ii) monomol light emission in the near-infrared region (lambda = 1270 nm) with a liquid nitrogen-cooled germanium diode or a photomultiplier coupled to a monochromator; (iii) the enhacing effect of deuterium oxide on chemiluminescence intensity, as well as the quenching effect of sodium azide; and (iv) chemical trapping of O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) or (18)O-labeled O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) with the 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) and detection of the corresponding DPAO(2) or (18)O-labeled DPA endoperoxide by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, the presence of O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) was unequivocally demonstrated by a direct spectral characterization of the near-infrared light emission attributed to the transition of O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) to the triplet ground state. For the sake of comparison, O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) deriving from the thermolysis of the endoperoxide of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene or from the H(2)O(2)/hypochlorite and H(2)O(2)/molybdate systems were also monitored. These novel observations identified the generation of O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) in the reaction of LAOOH with peroxynitrite, suggesting a potential O(2) ((1)Delta(g))-dependent mechanism that contributes to cytotoxicity mediated by lipid hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite reactions in biological systems.