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31.
Crystalline materials that are transparent in the vacuum UV spectral region and currently used have been reviewed. Transmission of crystals of solid solutions with the fluorite structure Ca1?x R xF2+x (R = Sc, Y, La, Yb, Lu) in the UV and vacuum UV spectral regions has been investigated. It is shown that application of different methods of purification of fluorides from some impurities can significantly improve the optical quality of fluoride multicomponent crystals in the short-wavelength spectral region.  相似文献   
32.
An adaptive hierarchical grid‐based method for predicting complex free surface flows is used to simulate collapse of a water column. Adapting quadtree grids are combined with a high‐resolution interface‐capturing approach and pressure‐based coupling of the Navier–Stokes equations. The Navier–Stokes flow solution scheme is verified for simulation of flow in a lid‐driven cavity at Re=1000. Two approaches to the coupling of the Navier–Stokes equations are investigated as are alternative face velocity and hanging node interpolations. Collapse of a water column as well as collapse of a water column and its subsequent interaction with an obstacle are simulated. The calculations are made on uniform and adapting quadtree grids, and the accuracy of the quadtree calculations is shown to be the same as those made on the equivalent uniform grids. Results are in excellent agreement with experimental and other numerical data. A sharp interface is maintained at the free surface. The new adapting quadtree‐based method achieves a considerable saving in the size of the computational grid and CPU time in comparison with calculations made on equivalent uniform grids. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
33.

A method for calculating the parameters of formation of vacancies in crystals formed by spherically symmetrical atoms was developed. Both quantum effects at low temperatures and the possibility of the delocalization of atoms at high temperatures were studied. The parameters of formation of vacancies in carbon subgroup element crystals C-diam, Si, Ge, α-Sn, and Pb were calculated. The inclusion of the delocalization of atoms was shown to increase the enthalpy, entropy, and volume of vacancy formation. At low temperatures, the parameters of vacancy formation were found to depend strongly on the temperature, and the entropy of vacancy formation became negative. At high temperatures, close agreement with experimental data and theoretical estimates reported by other authors was obtained. The temperature dependence of vacancy parameters was studied for diamond heated isobarically from 100 to 4500 K. The applicability scope of the Arrhenius equation with a temperature-independent activation energy is discussed. The validity of the “compensation rule” (correlation between the entropy and enthalpy of vacancy formation) was demonstrated. It was also shown that the volume and entropy of vacancy formation were correlated over the whole temperature range studied.

  相似文献   
34.
It is well known that F. G. Tricomi (1923) is the originator of the theoryof boundary value problems for mixed type equations by establishing the Thicomi equation: y·uxx+uyy=0 which is hyperbolic for y < 0, elliptic for y=0. and parabolic for y= 0 and then applied it in the theory of transonic flows.Then A.V.Bitsadze together with M. A . Lavrent′ev (1950) established the Bitsadze Lavre nt′ev equation: sgn( y ) ·uxx+uyy=0 where sgn(y) = 1 for y > 0, = -1 for y<0, 0 for y=0 with the discontinuous coefficient sgn( y ) of uxx, while in the case of Tricomi equation the corre sponding coefficient y is continuous. In this paper we establish the mixed Bitsadze Lavrent′ev Tricomi equation. Lu=K(y)·uxx+sgn(x) ·uyy+r(x,y)·u=f(x,y), where the coefficient K=K(y) of uxx is increasing continuous and coefficient M=sgn(x) of uyy discontinuous, r=r(x,y) is once continuously differentiable, f=f(x,y) continuous. Finally we prove the uniqueness of quasi regular solutions and observe that these new results can bbe applied in fluid dynamics.  相似文献   
35.
36.
    
The diversity of products in the reaction of diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD)/diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) and activated acetylenes with PIII compounds bearing oxygen or nitrogen substituents is discussed. New findings that are useful in understanding the nature of intermediates involved in the Mitsunobu reaction are highlighted. X-ray structures of two new compounds (2-t-Bu-4-MeC6H3O)P (μ-N-t-Bu)2P+[(NH-t-Bu)N[(CO2]-i-Pr)(HNCO2-i-Pr)]](Cl-)(2-t-Bu-4-MeC6H3OH)(23)and [CH2(6-t-Bu-4-Me-C6H2O)2P(O)C(CO2Me)C-(CO2Me)CClNC(O)Cl] (33) are also reported. The structure of23 is close to one of the intermediates proposed in the Mitsunobu reaction.  相似文献   
37.
Considering the importance of the X-ray production cross sections for the determination of the element concentrations in a given material, we have measured them experimentally for Al Si, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu bombarded by protons with energies ranging from 40 to 180 keV. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   
38.
Summary The adsorption of gaseous molecular iodine on clean silver surfaces proceeds in the first stage by dissociative chemisorption. After the formation of half a monolayer of chemisorbed iodine atoms the formation of silver iodide begins, which forms a very regular overlayer on top of the substrate. Both iodine species can be distinguished due to a difference in chemical shift of the M4N4, 5N4, 5-Auger transitions. After completion of this overlayer further iodine uptake is slowed down significantly. Above an overlayer thickness of about 10 nm a further progress of the reaction cannot be followed anymore due to the limited information depth of XPS.  相似文献   
39.
We consider the plane-strain buckling of a cylindrical shellof arbitrary thickness which is made of a Varga material andis subjected to an external hydrostatic pressure on its outersurface. The WKB method is used to solve the eigenvalue problemthat results from the linear bifurcation analysis. We show thatthe circular cross-section buckles into a non-circular shapeat a value of µ1 which depends on A1/A2 and a mode number,where A1 and A2 are the undeformed inner and outer radii, andµ1 is the ratio of the deformed inner radius to A1. Inthe large mode number limit, we find that the dependence ofµ1 on A1/A2 has a boundary layer structure: it is constantover almost the entire region of 0 < A1/A2 < 1 and decreasessharply from this constant value to unity as A1/A2 tends tounity. Our asymptotic results for A1 – 1 = O(1) and A1– 1 = O(1/n) are shown to agree with the numerical resultsobtained by using the compound matrix method.  相似文献   
40.
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