A space group assignment of ZrP2O7 obtained by 31P solid state NMR

2-D 31P dipolar recoupling magic angle spinning NMR has been used to determine the true symmetry of the low temperature structure of ZrP2O7 for the first time.     

Community noise exposure and stress in children

Although accumulating evidence over the past two decades points towards noise as an ambient stressor for children, all of the data emanate from studies in high-intensity, noise impact zones around airports or major roads. Extremely little is known about the nonauditory consequences of typical, day-to-day noise exposure among young children. The present study examined multimethodological indices of stress among children living under 50 dB or above 60 dB (A-weighted, day-night average sound levels) in small towns and villages in Austria. The major noise sources were local road and rail traffic. The two samples were comparable in parental education, housing characteristics, family size, marital status, and body mass index, and index of body fat. All of the children were prescreened for normal hearing acuity. Children in the noisier areas had elevated resting systolic blood pressure and 8-h, overnight urinary cortisol. The children from noisier neighborhoods also evidenced elevated heart rate reactivity to a discrete stressor (reading test) in the laboratory and rated themselves higher in perceived stress symptoms on a standardized index. Furthermore girls, but not boys, evidenced diminished motivation in a standardized behavioral protocol. All data except for the overnight urinary neuroendocrine indices were collected in the laboratory. The results are discussed in the context of prior airport noise and nonauditory health studies. More behavioral and health research is needed on children with typical, day-to-day noise exposure.     

The exceptional chelating ability of dimethylaluminum chloride and methylaluminum dichloride. The merged stereochemical impact of alpha- and beta-stereocenters in chelate-controlled carbonyl addition reactions with enolsilane and hydride nucleophiles.

A systematic investigation of the stereoselectivity in Lewis acid-promoted (Mukaiyama) aldol reactions of achiral unsubstituted enolsilanes and chiral beta-hydroxy aldehydes proceeding under conditions favoring chelation control is presented. Good stereocontrol can be realized for enolsilane aldol reactions of beta-alkoxy and beta-silyloxy aldehydes bearing only an alpha- or a beta-stereogenic center. Examination of the chelated intermediates for alpha,beta-disubstituted aldehydes concludes that the syn aldehyde diastereomer possesses the arrangement of stereocenters wherein the alpha- and beta-substituents impart a reinforcing facial bias upon the aldehyde carbonyl. Aldol reactions of syn aldehydes were thus observed to proceed with uniformly excellent diastereofacial selectivity. Aldol reactions of the corresponding anti aldehydes containing opposing stereocontrol elements at the alpha- and beta-positions exhibit variable and unpredictable selectivity.     

Crack Detection in an Embedded Spindle using Broadband Modal Excitation

This paper demonstrates a methodology for detecting cracks in a metal spindle, which is housed within a military vehicle wheel end assembly. A finite element model is used to estimate the undamped natural frequencies of the raw spindle. Additional mass and stiffness is then added to a simplified model of the spindle to simulate sources of variability within the assembly. Spindles are tested outside the wheel end assembly to compare the responses of undamaged and cracked spindles. A hypothesis testing approach is developed to detect the presence of a crack based on damage indices involving the summation and multiplication of spectral energies. Experiments on wheel assemblies mounted on a vehicle with the vehicle lifted off the ground are performed to demonstrate that the wheel assemblies can be nondestructively evaluated to identify cracks of varying depths despite sources of variability due to the presence of the brake drum, lack of repeatability in the sensor attachment, and other issues.     

Inelastic deformation and energy dissipation in ceramics: A mechanism-based constitutive model

A mechanism-based constitutive model is presented for the inelastic deformation and fracture of ceramics. The model comprises four essential features: (i) micro-crack extension rates based on stress-intensity calculations and a crack growth law, (ii) the effect of the crack density on the stiffness, inclusive of crack closure, (iii) plasticity at high confining pressures, and (iv) initial flaws that scale with the grain size. Predictions of stress/strain responses for a range of stress states demonstrate that the model captures the transition from deformation by micro-cracking at low triaxiality to plastic slip at high triaxialities. Moreover, natural outcomes of the model include dilation (or bulking) upon micro-cracking, as well as the increase in the shear strength of the damaged ceramic with increasing triaxiality. Cavity expansion calculations are used to extract some key physics relevant to penetration. Three domains have been identified: (i) quasi-static, where the ceramic fails due to the outward propagation of a compression damage front, (ii) intermediate velocity, where an outward propagating compression damage front is accompanied by an inward propagating tensile (or spallation) front caused by the reflection of the elastic wave from the outer surface and (iii) high velocity, wherein plastic deformation initiates at the inner surface of the shell followed by spalling within a tensile damage front when the elastic wave reflects from the outer surface. Consistent with experimental observations, the cavity pressure is sensitive to the grain size under quasi-static conditions but relatively insensitive under dynamic loadings.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of organophosphorus pesticides on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases.

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the individual enantiomers of 12 organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) was obtained on polysaccharide enantioselective HPLC columns using alkane-alcohol mobile phase. The OP pesticides were crotoxyphos, dialifor, fonofos, fenamiphos, fensulfothion, isofenphos, malathion, methamidophos, profenofos, crufomate, prothiophos and trichloronate. The enantiomers of fenamiphos, fensulfothion, profenofos and crufomate were separated on CHIRALPAK AD; the enantiomers of fenamiphos were also separated on CHIRALPAK AS; the enantiomers of methamidophos, crufomate and trichloronate were separated on CHIRALCEL OD; the enantiomers of crotoxyphos, dialifor, fonofos, malathion, prothiophos and trichloronate were separated on CHIRALCEL OJ; and the enantiomers of isofenphos were separated on CHIRALCEL OG. Baseline or partial separation of the enantiomers of six of these OP pesticides was obtained on CHIRALCEL OJ. In continued method development, the separation of the enantiomers of the 12 OPs was investigated more extensively on CHIRALCEL OJ to determine whether the mobile phase composition, flow-rate and column temperature could be optimized to yield at least partial separation of the enantiomers. Chromatographic conditions were found that gave either baseline or near baseline separations of the enantiomers of the 12 OPs on the CHIRALCEL OJ column.     

Nonlocal power deposition in inductively coupled plasmas.

Radiofrequency (rf) plasmas exhibit field penetration well beyond the classical skin depth. Two physical explanations are proposed. First, by tracing orbits of electrons through many rf cycles in a cylindrical system, it is shown that numerous ionizing electrons can reach the interior. Second, current-carrying electrons can form a long-lived torus that drifts toward the axis, causing frequently observed interference phenomena. The pressure dependence of this effect does not agree with collisionless theories of anomalous skin effect, but is consistent with the proposed mechanism.     

Effective Drug Therapies from Functional,Macromolecular Building Blocks with a Biomimetic Design

Summary: The development of suitable delivery systems for intracellular delivery of proteins, peptides and other bioactive materials opens the possibility to establish refined strategies for small drug delivery, gene delivery and vaccination. We present the assembly of advanced drug delivery systems from tailored building blocks to scaffolds and bioactive cargos to afford targeting and transport across biological barriers. In particular, the utilization of novel molecular transporter will advance the bioavailability of small and macromolecular drugs that show targeted intracellular delivery.     

草甘膦插层镁铝水滑石MgAl-LDH-gly的释放性能研究

采用成核/晶化隔离法将草甘膦(Glyphosate:gly)插层组装到镁铝水滑石层间,制得草甘膦插层镁铝水滑石(MgAl-LDH-gly).在水和碳酸钠溶液中考察了gly的释放性能,初步探讨了MgAl-LDH-gly在这两种溶液中的释放机理,认为其释放机理主要为离子交换,释放速率较大的初期符合一级动力学过程.用磷酸缓冲溶液考察环境pH值对MgAl-LDH-gly释放的影响,证明弱碱性(pH=7.6)和偏中性(pH=6.6)环境有利于其释放;探讨混合无机阴离子溶液中无机阴离子对MgAl-LDH-gly释放性能的影响,结果表明,MgAl-LDH-gly的释放速率及释出量在所考察范围内由溶液中无机阴离子的总浓度决定.     

Ti-modified Mesoporous Molecular Sieves Containing both Selective Oxidation and Photocatalysis Centers

IntroductionIn recent years,titanium- containing meso-porous molecular sieves have attracted considerableattention of some scholars and scientists because oftheir remarkable catalytic properties in selectiveoxidation reactions by H2 O2 in aqueous solution asthe oxidant[1_ 3 ] .The high cost and low efficiencyof H2 O2 ,however,limits its application on an in-dustrial scale.In our previous work[4] ,we foundthat using Ti- substituted MCM- 41 as a catalystforthe hydroxylation ofbenzene with H2…