Synthesis, dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, anti-proliferative testing, and saturation transfer difference ¹H-NMR study of some new 2-substituted-4,6-diaminopyrimidine derivatives

A series of 2-substituted-4,6-diaminipyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitory activity. Saturation transfer difference (STD) (1)H-NMR experiments were used to probe the binding characteristics of the compounds with human DHFR enzyme. The most potent molecules, 12 and 15, in enzyme assay study showed the best results in STD experiments indicating their intimate interaction with the receptor. The docking studies were followed to explain the structural basis for the observed interaction between the ligands and DHFR. All the compounds were also assayed in vitro for their growth inhibitory activity on MCF-7, HepG2, SKHep1, and Hela tumor cell lines. Compounds 16, 17, and 22 demonstrated the most potent in vitro anti-proliferative activity among the others.     

Study of dehydration and rehydration processes of portlandite in mature and young cement pastes

The hydration process of the cements induces the formation of different kinds of hydration products. The main products of hydration are C?CS?CH gel and portlandite [Ca(OH)₂]. The C?CS?CH gel is an amorphous compound that is discomposed progressivity with the temperature until approximately 1,000?°C, while the portlandite is discomposed between 450 and 550?°C. Also, calcium carbonate can be formed as a consequence of the portlandite carbonation. All of these processes can be analysed and quantified by simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. And by X-ray diffraction it is possible to identify the crystalline phases. Some authors have corroborated that the portlandite can be rehydrated, after dehydration processes due to thermal exposition of the cement paste. But all of these experiments have been made with young cement pastes or at temperatures lower than 650?°C. In this work the behaviour of young and mature cement pastes have been studied in relation with the portlandite decomposition and the possibility of the rehydration of it in water presence. We found that young pastes and old pastes, stored at laboratory conditions, and later burned, show a certain grade of rehydration, specially the pastes burned at 650?°C (with ??80% of reformation of portlandite) with respect to the pastes burned at 1,000?°C (between 20 and 40%). It is corroborate that the rehydration process is directly related to the formation of CaO during the burning. Also, a formation of unstable portlandite is detected in young pastes burned at 650?°C, which can be rehydrated easily. Although, the mature pastes that have been burned initially and stored under laboratory conditions cannot be rehydrated, due to the formation of stable products during the storage.     

A Study of Graphene‐Based Copper Catalysts: Copper(I) Nanoplatelets for Batch and Continuous‐Flow Applications

The use of graphene derivatives as supports improves the properties of heterogeneous catalysts, with graphene oxide (GO) being the most frequently employed. To explore greener possibilities as well as to get some insights into the role of the different graphenic supports (GO, rGO, carbon black, and graphite nanoplatelets), we prepared, under the same standard conditions, a variety of heterogeneous Cu catalysts and systematically evaluated their composition and catalytic activity in azide–alkyne cycloadditions as a model reaction. The use of sustainable graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) afforded a stable Cu^I catalyst with good recyclability properties, which are compatible with flow conditions, and able to catalyze other reactions such as the regio‐ and stereoselective sulfonylation of alkynes (addition reaction) and the Meerwein arylation (single electron transfer process).     

Electrocatalytic amperometric determination of amitrole using a cobalt-phthalocyanine-modified carbon paste electrode

Cobalt-phthalocyanine-modified carbon paste electrodes are shown to be excellent indicators for electrocatalytic amperometric measurements of triazolic herbicides such as amitrole, at low oxidation potentials (+0.40 V). The detection and determination of amitrole in flow injection analysis with a modified carbon paste electrode with Co-phthalocyanine is described. The concentrations of amitrole in 0.1 M NaOH solutions were determined using the electrocatalytic oxidation signal corresponding to the Co(II)/Co(III) redox process. A detection limit of 0.04 microg mL(-1) (4 ng amitrole) was obtained for a sample loop of 100 microL at a fixed potential of +0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 M NaOH and a flow rate of 4.0 mL min(-1). Furthermore, the modified carbon paste electrodes offers reproducible responses in such a system, and the relative standard deviation was 3.3% using the same surface, 5.1% using different surface, and 6.9% using different pastes. The performance of the cobalt-phthalocyanine-modified carbon paste electrodes is illustrated here for the determination of amitrole in commercial formulations. The response of the electrodes is stable, with more than 80% of the initial retained activity after 50 min of continuous use.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, and molecular modeling (AM1) of Methyl 6-chloro-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-formyl-2-methyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate

The synthesis and structural characterization of Methyl 6-chloro-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-formyl-2-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate is described. The structure was refined to R₁ = 0.0470 for 2665 reflections (with I > 2(I)). Crystal data: C₁₅H₁₃C₁₂NO₃, monoclinic,space group P2₁/c, a = 11.163(9), b = 14.484(8), c = 9.422(7) Å, V = 1512.9(19) ų, Z = 4. The results of crystallographic and molecular modeling (AM1) were compared. The Cl atom attached to the phenyl group has two possible orientations, having 75% (sp) and 25% (ap) occupancy, respectively. The molecules in the crystal are held together by means of intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N=H...O and by C=H...O interactions.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic characterization and DFT study of dinuclear ruthenium sawhorse-type complexes derived from the reaction of trinuclear aggregates and (Z)-5-arylidenerhodanines

The synthesis of dinuclear ruthenium sawhorse-type complexes [Ru₂(μ-ArCH:Rhod)₂(CO)₄]_n 12a–e and [Ru₂(ArCH:Rhod)₂(μ-ArCH:Rhod)₂(CO)₄] 13a–e through reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₀(NCMe)₂] and [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] and the corresponding (Z)-5-arylidenerhodanines (ArCH:Rhod) 10a–e, respectively, are reported. These complexes are arranged in a sawhorse structure in which two bridged (Z)-5-arylidenerhodanines coordinate to the metals using sulfur and nitrogen of the rhodanine ring. A Density Functional Theory method was used to gain insight into the polymerization process by calculating dimerization Gibbs energies (ΔG_dim). Values between ?10.7 and ?5.3 kcal mol^?1 indicate that dimerization is a spontaneous process. A reaction pathway for formation of the sawhorse compounds [Ru₂(μ-ArCH:Rhod)₂(CO)₄] was calculated and the rate-determining step for the mechanism is coordination of a second (Z)-5-arylidenerhodanine ligand with activation energies between 41.1 and 47.8 kcal mol^?1. In order to understand the apparent thermodynamic favorability of the fragmentation step, we calculated the fragmentation energy (ΔE_Frag) for the key intermediate and its energetic contributors, the interaction energy, ΔE_int and the reorganization energy, ΔE_reorg. Low values of ΔE_Frag imply that the fragmentation is thermodynamically facile. Large values of ΔE_int are countered by opposite and large values of ΔE_reorg which indicate that the cleavage of the trimetallic intermediate aggregate is determined by the nature of the ligand and the balance between its interaction with the metal and the extent of structural reorganization.     

Electrochemical determination of prolintane in pharmaceutical formulations and in human urine

The oxidative behavior of 1-[1-(phenylmethyl)butyl]pyrrolidine, prolintane, was studied at a glassy carbon electrode using linear-sweep and differential-pulse voltammetry. The oxidation process was shown to be irreversible using 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer and was diffusion-adsorption controlled. Two voltammetric methods were developed for the determination of prolintane using different techniques: linear-sweep and differential-pulse voltammetry. The peak current varied linearly with prolintane concentrations in the range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ −2.5 × 10⁻⁴ M, with a detection limit of 8.5 × 10⁻⁶ and 4.0 × 10⁻⁶ M, and with relative standard deviations of 2.1 % and 3.1 %, respectively. The methods were applied to commercial preparations, giving relative errors less than 3.1 % and relative standard deviations lower than 4.8 % (n = 10). Determination of prolintane (down to the 8.5 × 10⁻⁸ M level) can be performed by using a preconcentration step prior to the determination by differential-pulse voltammetry in 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 8.0) with preconcentration potential of 0.0 V. The detection limit was found to be 6.2 × 10⁻⁸ M (4 min preconcentration) and the relative standard deviation for 2.5 × 10⁻⁷ M prolintane (n = 5) was 4.6 %. Applicability to human urine analysis is illustrated (recovery 98 ± 2 %). Standard additions method can be used to determine prolintane in real samples of urine.     

Comparative study of multi walled carbon nanotubes-based electrodes in micellar media and their application to micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

This work reports on a comparative study of the electrochemical performance of carbon nanotubes-based electrodes in micellar media and their application for amperometric detection in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) separations. These electrodes were prepared in two different ways: immobilization of a layer of carbon nanotubes dispersed in polyethylenimine (PEI), ethanol or Nafion onto glassy carbon electrodes or preparation of paste electrodes using mineral oil as binder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for surface morphology characterization while cyclic voltammetry of background electrolyte was used for capacitance estimation. The amperometric responses to hydrogen peroxide, amitrol, diuron and 2,3-diclorophenol (2,3CP) in the presence and in the absence of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) were studied by flow injection analysis (FIA), demonstrating that the electrocatalytic activity, background current and electroanalytical performance were strongly dependent on the electrodes preparation procedure. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes dispersed in PEI (GC/(CNT/PEI)) displayed the most adequate performance in micellar media, maintaining good electrocatalytic properties combined with acceptable background currents and resistance to passivation. The advantages of using GC/(CNT/PEI) as detectors in capillary electrophoresis were illustrated for the MEKC separations of phenolic pollutants (phenol, 3-chlorophenol, 2,3-dichlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol) and herbicides (amitrol, asulam, diuron, fenuron, monuron and chlortoluron).