ctDNA interaction of Co-containing Keggin polyoxomolybdate and in vitro antitumor activity of free and its nano-encapsulated derivatives

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are negatively charged clusters consisting of transition metals and oxygen atoms. The antiviral and antitumor activities are the dominant activities of POMs in pharmacology and medicine. Based on Co-containing Keggin polyoxomolybdate (K₆[SiMo₁₁O₃₉Co(H₂O)].nH₂O), nanosized starch, and lipid-encapsulated derivatives (abbreviated as SiMo₁₁Co, SEP and LEP, respectively) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, ICP, TG analysis, SEM and TEM images. The results show that the SiMo₁₁Co retains its parent structure after encapsulation by starch and lipid nanoparticles. The biological activity of SiMo₁₁Co has been evaluated by investigating its binding ability to calf thymus DNA (ctDNA), using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching and fluorescence Scatchard plots. The obtained results of absorption titration rule out the intercalating binding mode and propose the groove or outside stacking binding for SiMo₁₁Co. These results were authenticated by fluorescence quenching experiments and scatchard plots. Absorption spectral traces reveal 10.21 % hyperchromism for SiMo₁₁Co. The value of 7.6 × 10³ M^?1 was obtained for binding constant (K_b) of SiMo₁₁Co to ctDNA. Furthermore, the in vitro antitumor activity of SiMo₁₁Co and nano-encapsulated forms was investigated using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay that was carried out on two types of human cancer cells, MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) and HEK-293 (Human Embryonic Kidney). The results represent the enhancement of cell penetration and antitumor activity of SiMo₁₁Co due to its encapsulation in starch or lipid nanoparticles. However, this observed enhancement for the lipid relative to the starch nanocapsule can be attributed to its smaller size.     

Substituent effects on SN2 reaction between substituted benzyl chloride and chloride ion in gas phase

Nucleophilic substitution reaction between some substituted benzyl chlorides and chloride ion has been investigated by ab initio and DFT methods. New calculated energy data are in better agreement with experimental data. The electron‐withdrawing groups increase the energy barriers and the electron‐donating groups decrease them. The changes of geometrical parameters and energy data are in good agreement with the results of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital analyses. The relationship between Hammett coefficients and energy data (and geometry parameters) has been established and the ρ constant has been calculated for this reaction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

One pot three-component regioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of halogenated pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines

Three-component reactions of 3-substituted pyridines, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), and α-halo ketones led to regioselective and stereoselective synthesis of pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines in high to excellent yields under mild conditions. All the reactions gave the pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine derivatives without formation of any indolizine products.     

Photocatalytic degradation of betamethasone sodium phosphate in aqueous solution using ZnO nanopowder

The photocatalytic degradation of betamethasone sodium phosphate has been investigated in aqueous phase by using ultraviolet (UV) light and ZnO nanopowder. The effect of catalyst loading, irradiation time, pH, addition of oxidizers, effect of alcohol and anion presence on the reaction rate was ascertained and optimum conditions for maximum degradation were determined. The photocatalytic degradation of betamethasone sodium phosphate was strongly influenced by these parameters. The optimum amount of the photocatalyst used is 0.44 g/L. The efficiency of betamethasone sodium phosphate increases with the photo-degradation increase of the irradiation time.     

Molecular structure and theoretical studies of new stable phosphorus ylides derived from trialkyl phosphites

The reaction between dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and NH heterocyclic compounds in the presence of trialkyl phosphite leads to stable phosphorus ylide derivatives in good yields. The x‐ray crystallographic data and theoretical study show that there is a resonance between two bonds of C₉P₁ and C₉₁O₉₁ in phosphorous ylide 4c . This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group ( ), with the following unit cell parameters: a = 8.7522(3)Å, b = 8.8513(5)Å, c = 18.3469(5)Å, α = 99.1220(10)°, β = 90.954(2)°, γ = 118.792(2)°, Z = 2, and V = 1222.72(9)ų. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:36–43, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/hc.20653     

On Rings Having McCoy-Like Conditions

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we study the behavior of the couniform (or dual Goldie) dimension of a module under various polynomial extensions. For a ring automorphism σ ∈ Aut(R), we use the notion of a σ-compatible module M _R to obtain results on the couniform dimension of the polynomial modules M[x], M[x ^?1], and M[x, x ^?1] over suitable skew extension rings.     

A Note on Comaximal Graph of Non-commutative Rings

Let R be a ring with unity. The graph Γ(R) is a graph with vertices as elements of R, where two distinct vertices a and b are adjacent if and only if Ra?+?Rb?=?R. Let Γ₂(R) be the subgraph of Γ(R) induced by the non-unit elements of R. Let R be a commutative ring with unity and let J(R) denote the Jacobson radical of R. If R is not a local ring, then it was proved that:

1. If $\Gamma_2(R)\backslash J(R)$ is a complete n-partite graph, then n?=?2.
2. If there exists a vertex of $\Gamma_2(R)\backslash J(R)$ which is adjacent to every vertex, then R????₂×F, where F is a field.

In this note we generalize the above results to non-commutative rings and characterize all non-local ring R (not necessarily commutative) whose $\Gamma_2(R)\backslash J(R)$ is a complete n-partite graph.     

Synthesis of novel furo-pyran derivatives via reaction between an isocyanide and alkylidene-substituted Meldrum’s acid

An unexpected four-component (3+1) reaction of an alkyl isocyanide with alkylidene-substituted Meldrum’s acid in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature produces imino-furopyranones in good yields. The structures of the products are deduced from their IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectra and by X-ray analysis. The products are structurally similar to 2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one natural products.     

Development of eclipsed and staggered forms in some hydrogen bonded complexes

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in X₃CH···NH₃ (X = H, F, Cl, and Br) complexes has been studied by B3LYP, B3PW91, MP2, MP3, MP4, and CCSD methods using 6‐311++G(d,p) and AUG‐cc‐PVTZ basis sets. These complexes could exist in both eclipsed (EC) and staggered (ST) forms. The differences between binding energies of EC and ST forms are negligible and all EC and ST shapes correspond to minimum stationary states. The order of stabilities of them is in an agreement with the results of atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. On the basis of low differences between binding energies, ST forms are more stable than EC forms in all complexes with the exception of Br₃CH···NH₃, which behaves just opposite. Although the differences between binding energies are negligible, they are consistent with the results of AIM analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

Thermodynamic estimation of cooling efficiency using an electrocaloric solid-state line

A thermodynamic cycle in a solid-state cooling line including two ferroelectric capacitors which exhibit the electrocaloric (EC) effect is considered. Expressions are derived for determining the cooling factor and the efficiency of the EC cooling line in terms of the Carnot cycle. Numerical estimates obtained for barium-strontium titanate ferroelectric capacitors make it possible to determine the cooling efficiency upon a change in temperature by ΔT = 2 K. At the initial temperature of 272 K, the efficiency is 0.6 Carnot, which considerably exceeds the efficiency of vapor-compression refrigerators.