Electronic influences on 3J(C,H) coupling constants via -S-, -S(O)- and -SO2-: their determination, calculation and comparison of detection methods

3J(C,H) coupling constants via a sulfur atom in two series of compounds, both including a sulfide, a sulfoxide and a sulfone, were detected experimentally and calculated by quantum mechanical methods. In the first series (1-3) the coupling between a hydrogen, bonded to an sp3 carbon, and an sp2 carbon is treated; the second series (4-6) deals with the coupling between a hydrogen, bonded to an sp3 carbon, and an sp3 carbon. Different pulse sequences (broadband HMBC, SelJres, 1D HSQMBC, J-HMBC-2, selective J-resolved long-range experiment and IMPEACH-MBC) proved to be useful in determining the long-range 3J(C,H) coupling constants. However, the dynamic behaviour of two of the compounds (4 and 6) led to weighted averages of the two coupling constants expected (concerning equatorial and axial positions of the corresponding hydrogens). DFT calculations proved to be useful to calculate not only the 3J(C,H) coupling constants but also the different contributions of FC, PSO, DSO and SD terms; the calculation of the Fermi contact term (FC) was found to be sufficient for the correct estimation of 3J(C,H) coupling constants.     

Striktionseigenschaften von Regelscharen imE n

Let ={e(u)|uI} be a one-parameter family of straight lines forming a ruledC ^r-2-surface E ⁿ (n2,r1) without singular generatorse(u) (uI). As a synopsis, a generalization and an improvement of various results already known about the strictional properties of ruled surfaces E ⁿ (especially in the casen=3) the author demonstrates a uniform geometrical way of defining and uniquely obtaining thestriction point S(u) and theparameter of distribution d(u) of a generatore(u) under the minimal assumptions thate(u)E ⁿ (n2) be noncylindrical andr1. Other methods of obtainingS(u) andd(u) are discussed in comparison, and special strictional properties ofskew ruled surfaces E ⁿ are proved.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. H. R. Müller zum 65. Geburtstag     

Mechanical Properties of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials Determined by Indentation Techniques

The mechanical properties of hybrid materials consisting of polystyrene (PS), which was cross-linked with different proportions of the multifunctional cluster Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(methacrylate)₁₂ (Zr6) were investigated. With the help of (micro)indentation and scratch testing, the influence of the Zr6 clusters on mechanical properties, such as hardness, stiffness, creep, craze initiation, and scratch resistance was shown. There was only a slight increase in hardness and in indentation modulus with higher cluster loadings. While this observation was in agreement with the compression behaviour of the materials, the tensile properties showed a much stronger dependence on the Zr6 content. With increasing cluster loading, an increase of craze initiation stress, as determined by ball indentation experiments, was found. Performing scratch testing with constant load, a reduction of pile-up and a stronger recovery were observed for the hybrid materials compared to the neat PS. Scratch tests with a constant increase of load showed an increase of the critical load for crack opening during scratching.     

First metallamacrocyclic complexes of Pt(iv) with 3,3,3',3'-tetraalkyl-1,1'-phenylenedicarbonylbis(thioureas): synthesis by direct or electrolytic oxidative addition of I(2), Br(2) and Cl(2)

Elemental I(2) and Br(2) cleanly react with the 3:3 Pt(ii) metallamacrocycle of 3,3,3',3'-tetra(n-butyl)-1,1'-terephthaloylbis(thiourea)(cis-[Pt(II)(3)(L(p)(1)-S,O)(3)]3), in chloroform at room temperature, to yield oxidative addition products; (195)Pt NMR studies reveal that a stepwise oxidative addition readily occurs to each of the Pt(ii) centres in the metallamacrocycle to yield the mixed valence species cis-[Pt(II)(2)Pt(IV)I(2)(L(p)(1)-S,O)(3)] and cis-[Pt(II)Pt(IV)(2)I(4)(L(p)(1)-S,O)(3)], and the fully oxidised cis-[Pt(IV)(3)I(6)(L(p)(1)-S,O)(3)] in solution, depending on the mole ratio I(2):3. Similar results are obtained on treatment of solutions of 3 with elemental Br(2). Treatment of the corresponding 2:2 Pt(ii) complex of 3,3,3',3'-tetraethyl-1,1'-isophthaloylbis(thiourea)(cis-[Pt(II)(2)(L(m)(1)-S,O)(2)]4) with iodine, results in facile oxidative addition to yield cis-[Pt(IV)(2)(L(m)(1)-S,O)(2)I(4)], with a trans-Pt(iv)-iodo arrangement. Molecules in the crystal structure of 5 have their trans-Pt(iv)-iodo axes essentially aligned, with very close intermolecular iodide contacts (3.775(1)A), resulting in chains of weakly bound metallamacrocycles in the solid. An alternative electrolytic synthesis method, using a simple two-compartment glass cell containing 4 and a chosen halide salt in dichloromethane, led to the formation of cis-[Pt(IV)(2)(L(m)(1)-S,O)(2)Br(4)] 6 and cis-[Pt(IV)(2)(L(m)(1)-S,O)(2)Cl(4)] 7, completing characterization of a series of first-reported trans-Pt(iv)-X (X=I, Br, Cl) metallamacrocyclic complexes.     

Identification de stérols à chaîne latérale oxygénée dans une éponge de l'espèce Hyrtios

Thirty-two sterols are identified in the sponge Hyrtios sp. In addition to fourteen monohydroxylated compounds, the sterol fraction contains eight functionalized sidechain sterols, three of them new: 3 β-hydroxy-24-norchol-5-en-23-al (19) , (22-trans)-3 β-hydroxycholest-5, 22-dien-24-one (20) and (22R, 23R, 24S) or (22S, 23S, 24S)- 22,23-epoxy-24-methylchoest-5-en-3 β-ol (24). The probable biological origin, rather than artifact production, of these undescribed components is discussed.     

DTA curves and non-isothermal reaction rates

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is an effective means for studying chemical reactions, but its application to reaction kinetics is handicapped by the involvement of temperature feedback from the reaction heat and by the solvent dependence of the thermal conductivity.General, empirical relationships are derived from digital computer application which allow to transform half width and shape index of a DTA curve of any first-order process in a uniformly temperated sample to the values of the corresponding rate curve at linearly increased temperature.The expressions are complemented by some new relationships for an n-order reaction and are useful for the kinetic study of complex processes.     

Complexes of 3,3′-Oxybis[(diphenylphosphino)methylbenzene] with Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Rh(I), and Ag(I). How Important is Backbone Rigidity in the Formation of trans-Spanning Bidenatate Chelates??

The bidentate diphosphine ligand, 3,3′-oxybis[(dipenylphosphino)methylbenzene] ( 1 ) forms monomeric, trans-square-planar complexes MX₂( 1 ) (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; X = Cl^?, Br^? I^?, and, in part, N, NCS^?, CN^?, NO) as well as Pt(H)Cl( 1 ), Pt(H)Br( 1 ), and RhCl(CO)( 1 ). Polymeric species have been observed with substitutionally inert metal centres: trans-[PtCl₂( 1 )]₂ and cis-[PtCl₂( 1 )]_n (mean value of n ≈ 4–5) ³¹P-NMR, and selected IR and UV/VIS parameters are reported. Ligand 1 shows a marked preference for trans-spanning and monomeric chelate formation, despite its various degrees of freedom of internal rotation in the lignad backbone. The readily available ligand 1 as well as analogues with other donor atoms, therefore, appear useful in most potential applications of trans-spanning chelate ligands. The crystal structure of AgCl( 1 )·0.5 (CH₃)₂C?O·0.39 C₆H₁₂ (space group C2/c,a = 21.02 Å, b = 14.57 Å, c = 24.79 Å, β = 99.77°, V = 7531.4 ų, Z = 8) confirms the presence of three-coordinate Ag( I ), with a coordination intermediate between a trigonal-planar and a T-shaped geometry (P-Ag-P = 145.61(8)°).     

Synthesis and stereochemical studies of 1- and 2-phenyl-substituted 1,3-oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinoline derivatives

Starting from the 1′- or 2′-phenyl-substituted 1-(2′-hydroxyethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline diastereomers 3 and 6, 4-unsubstituted and 4-(p-nitrophenyl)- and 4-oxo-substituted 1-phenyl- and 2-phenyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2H,4H-1,6,7,11b-tetrahydro-1,3-oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolines (7-12) were prepared. The relative configurations and the predominant conformations of the products were determined by NMR spectroscopy, by quantum chemical calculations and, for (2R^∗,4S^∗,11bR^∗)-9,10-dimethoxy-4-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-2H,4H-1,6,7,11b-tetrahydro-1,3-oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinoline (11), by X-ray diffraction.     

Verfahren zur Spurenanalyse aus metallischen Proben

Zusammenfassung Ein neues lösungsspektrographisches Zerstäubungsverfahren wird beschrieben, bei dem die Lösung so zerstäubt wird, daß sie die Graphitelektroden nicht berührt. Mit diesem Verfahren könnten 10^–3 bis 10^–5 % Al, B, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Sn, Ti, V und Zr in Eisen und Stahl bestimmt werden.Zur Bestimmung von Verunreinigungen oder Einschlüssen in Stahl wird ein spektrographisches Verfahren mit Preßlingselektroden empfohlen, das nur 0,1–1 mg Rückstand benötigt. Oxide von Al, B, Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn und Zr konnten bis herab zu etwa 10^–7 g erfaßt werden.

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Methods for the determination of trace elements from metallic samples

The principles of a new spectrographical atomizing-method of solution are described. The solution has to be atomized into a gap without contacting the surface of the graphite electrodes. In this way the exact determination of 10^–3 to 10^–5 % of Al, B, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Sn, Ti, V and Zr in iron and steel is possible.The microanalytical determination of impurities or inclusions in steel has been achieved by a spectrographical method with briquette electrodes. The necessary amount of isolation residue is only 0.1–1 mg. The oxides of Al, B, Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn and Zr can be accurately determined by this procedure. The limit of determination is about 10^–7 g.

     

Gasanalyse mit Hilfe eines kleinen Massenspektrometers

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine automatisierte Apparatur zur schnellen, massenspektrometrischen Bestimmung von Sauerstoff und Stickstoff in Stahl beschrieben. Die Stahlprobe wird unter Argon im Gleichstrombogen geschmolzen und die extrahierten Gase Kohlenmonoxid und Stickstoff werden massenspektrometrisch bestimmt. Die relative Standardabweichung beträgt ±3–5% für Sauerstoff und ±3–8% für Stickstoff. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei 10 pp10⁶ O₂ und 3 pp10⁶ N₂. Der Zeitbedarf für eine Analyse beträgt 85 s.Herrn H. Siffrin danke ich für die sorgfältige Durchführung der zahlreichen Versuche.